Y SIC S

PH
D AN G
5 LE

3.2
RESISTANCE

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 Students should be
able to:
● Compare and contrast ohmic and non-ohmic conductor
● Solve problems involving combination of series and
parallel circuits
● Define resistivity of wire, ρ
● Describe factors that affect resistance of a wire through
experiments to conclude,
● Communicate about applications of resistivity of wire in
daily life
● Solve problems involving the formula of wire resistance,

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 Ohm’
a p s Law
R ec Potential difference (V) flowing
through a conductor is directly
proportional to the electric current
(I) when the temperature and
other physical properties are kept
constant

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 Ohmic Conductor &
Non-ohmic
Conductor
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 Ohmic Non- Ohmic
Conduct Conductor
or

Manipulated: Current, I
Responding: Potential
difference, V
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 Ohmic Non- Ohmic
Conduct
Graph of V against I
Conductor
Graph of V against I
or

V is directly proportional to V increase with I

I
Resistance, R is constant Resistance, R increases

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 Ohmic Non- Ohmic
Conduct Conductor
or
Conductor which Conductor which
obeys Ohm’s Law does not obeys Ohm’s Law

(R constant) (R change)

Example: Example:

Constantan Wire Filament Bulb

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 Info 1+
=3 2
The bulb filament uses a
tungsten coil. The tungsten
wire is actually an ohmic
conductor.

As the current flowing through

the coil increases, the
temperature of the coil
increases, and the bulb lights
up.the same time, the resistance of the coil also increases with the
At
temperature. Under this condition where the temperature cannot
be kept constant, the tungsten coil in the bulb exhibits a non-
ohmic characteristic.
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 Info 1+
=3 2
Standard wire gauge (s.w.g.) represents the diameter of a
wire.
The bigger the value of its s.w.g., the smaller the diameter.

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 Series and Parallel
Combination
Circuits
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 c a p Series Parallel
Re Circuit Circuit

V =V 1 + V2 + V =V 1 =V2
V =V
I I
=
3
1 = I2 = I3 I I
= 3
1 + I2 + I3
1
R =R 1 + R2 + R
=+ +
R3
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 Exam
1+
pleare1arranged in series and
Three resistors
=3 2
in parallel.
The resistance for R1, R2 and R3 are 2Ω, 4Ω
and 12Ω respectively.
When the switch is closed, calculate:
(a) the effective resistance, R

Solut
Totalion
resistance in the parallel Thus, the effective resistance in
circuit, the complete circuit,

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 Exam
1+
pleare1arranged in series and
Three resistors
=3 2
in parallel.
The resistance for R1, R2 and R3 are 2Ω, 4Ω
and 12Ω respectively.
When the switch is closed, calculate:
(b) the current flowing through the 2Ω resistor and the potential
difference across it
Solut
Totalion
current flowing in the
circuit, Thus, the potential difference for

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 Exam
1+
pleare1arranged in series and
Three resistors
=3 2
in parallel.
The resistance for R1, R2 and R3 are 2Ω, 4Ω
and 12Ω respectively.
When the switch is closed, calculate:
(c) the current flowing through the 4Ω and 12Ω resistors and the
potential difference across them respectively
Solut
ion
For the 4Ω and 12Ω resistors: So, the current So, the current
Potential difference, flowing flowing
through the 4Ω through the 12Ω
resistor, resistor,

Then,
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 Exam
1+
ple
Figure shows 2
five resistors connected in a
=3 2
combination circuit.

Calculate:
(a) the effective resistance, R

Solut
ion
Total resistance in the parallel Thus, the effective resistance in
circuit, the complete circuit,

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 Exam
1+
ple
Figure shows 2
five resistors connected in a
=3 2
combination circuit.

Calculate:
(b) the current flowing through the ammeter, I

Solut
ion
Total current flowing in the
circuit,

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 Exam
1+
ple
Figure shows 2
five resistors connected in a
=3 2
combination circuit.

Calculate:
(c) the potential difference across points A and B, VAB

Solut
ion
Thus, the potential difference for

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 Factors that Affect
the Resistance of a
Wire

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 Factors that Affect the
Resistance of a Wire

l= length of the 𝜌= resistivity of the

wire, m wire, Ω m
(l increase, R increase ) A = cross sectional (𝜌 increase, R increase )
area of the wire, m2
(A increase, R decrease )

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 Factors that Affect the 1+
Resistance of a Wire =3 2

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 Factors that Affect the 1+
Resistance of a Wire =3 2
Resistivity of a conductor, ρ
● a measure of a conductor’s ability to oppose the flow of
electric current
● unit is ohm meter ( Ω m)
● depends on the temperature and the nature of the conductor

material.

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 Factors that Affect the 1+
Resistance of a Wire =3 2
Resistivity of a conductor, ρ

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 Resistance of a Wire 1+
=3 2

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 Applications of
Resistivity of
Conductors in Daily
Life
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 Applications of Resistivity of 1 +
Conductors in Daily Life = 2
Heating
3
element
● The heating plate acts as a heating
element.
● The conductor material has a high
resistivity, melting point and is
durable.
Connecti
ng Wire
● The connecting wire consists of fine
metal wires.
● Copper wire is used because copper has
low resistivity which prevents the wire
from heating up too quickly when
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 Comparison between non-conductors,
1+
2
semiconductors, conductors and superconductors
=3

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 Comparison between non-conductors,
1+
2
semiconductors, conductors and superconductors
=3

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 Solving Problems
Involving Wire
Resistance

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 Exam
1+
pleof 3 Ω m. Calculate the 2
The resistivity
resistance of a
constantan is 49 × 10 –8
=3
constantan wire with a length of 50.0 cm and a diameter of 0.6
mm.
Solut
ion
Resistivity, Cross –sectional area of wire,
Length of wire,

Diameter of wire,
Radius of wire, Constantan wire resistance,

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