Scribd
Upload
13 views

Chapter 1 - Introduction

High voltage engineering is a branch of electrical engineering focused on the study and application of electrical phenomena at high voltages, essential for modern technologies. It is utilized in power systems for efficient electricity transmission, in industries for medical and aerospace applications, and in research for equipment like particle accelerators. The document also discusses insulation requirements and classifications of voltage levels, emphasizing the importance of understanding breakdown mechanisms for reliable high voltage applications.

Uploaded by

2021886452
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Chapter 1 - Introduction

High voltage engineering is a branch of electrical engineering focused on the study and application of electrical phenomena at high voltages, essential for modern technologies. It is utilized in power systems for efficient electricity transmission, in industries for medical and aerospace applications, and in research for equipment like particle accelerators. The document also discusses insulation requirements and classifications of voltage levels, emphasizing the importance of understanding breakdown mechanisms for reliable high voltage applications.

Uploaded by

2021886452
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

HIGH VOLTAGE (EPO630)

Chapter 1: Introduction to
High Voltage Engineering
Lecturer: Dr. Zulkiffli Abdul Hamid
PhD, UiTM 2013
Introduction
 What is high voltage engineering?
◦ A branch of electrical engineering that encompasses the s
tudy and
application of the electrical phenomena occurring in
various mediums at high voltages.

 Why study high voltage engineering?


◦ Many recent technologies require high voltage level to
operate.
◦ To understand the mechanism of breakdown and discover
the methods to prevent it from happening and damaging
the electrical equipment.
◦ To develop an insulation material that has robust and
good properties for sustaining high voltage.
◦ To produce high voltage technologies for practical
applications.
Introduction
 High voltage is used in many applications.

 It is used in power system, industry and research


laboratories.

 In power system, the high voltage is used for transmission of


electricity by means of transformer.

 In the industry, it is used in medical equipment (X-ray


machines), aerospace technologies, satellite communication
systems, heavy industrial manufacturers (Proton, Petronas)
and etc.

 In research laboratories, it is used for physics equipment


such as particle accelerator, electrostatic precipitators and
Van De Graaff generator.
Introduction

Particle Electrostatic precipitator


accelerator
Introduction
 On overall, its applications can be divided in 3 main
modes:
1. For transmission of electrical energy over very
long distances
2. For charging bodies in order to develop
electrostatic force
3. For initiation of ionization process in dielectric
materials

 Other modes include design of HV power supplies, HV


high frequency sources for radio transmission
Mode 1: transmission of
electricity
 High voltage power transmission is used in power system
through a step-up transformer.

 Normally, the generated voltage from a power plant is in


the range of 10 kV to 25 kV.

 Transmitting such medium level of voltages will cause


insufficient amount of power received at the consumer
site.

 This is due to the fact the resistance of transmission line


introduces electrical losses (or copper loss).

 Hence, the voltage at the consumer site has been


reduced.
Mode 1: transmission of
electricity
 In order to compensate for such reduction in voltage level, a
transformer is required.

 The transformer will boost up the voltage to a higher level


and transmit it at low current.

 Thus, when the current at transmission site is low, the


copper loss also small according to the equation 3I 2R.

 In addition, when the current is small the size of conductor


(cross-sectional area) is also small. This has reduced the
cost.

 So, the benefit of high voltage for this first mode is to


provide a low electrical loss and economical transmission of
electricity.
Mode 1: transmission of
electricity
Mode 2: developing
electrostatic force
 Any bodies (objects) charged with high voltage will
develop an electrostatic force.

 This electrostatic force used mainly in two such


physics equipment as:
◦ Particle accelerator - a machine that
uses electromagnetic fields to
propel charged particles to nearly light speed and
to contain them in well-defined beams.
◦ Electrostatic precipitator - a filtration device that
removes fine particles (like dust and smoke) from a
flowing gas using the force of an
induced electrostatic charge.
Mode 2: developing
electrostatic force

Example of particle beam


created from particle
accelerator
Mode 2: developing
electrostatic force

• Smoke particles
pick up a negative
charge

• Smoke particles are


attracted to the
collecting plates

• Collecting plates
are knocked to
remove the smoke
particles.
Separation of fine particles from
flowing gas using electrostatic
precipitator
Mode 3: ionization process in
dielectric materials
 High voltage is also used to initiate (or create)
ionization in dielectric materials where energy is
subsequently released in controlled quantities.

 Automobile ignition coils and ozone generators. Are


the examples of this mode of HV applications.

 Automobile ignition coils


◦ Ignition coil is basically a transformer. It converts a
low voltage into a high voltage to create a spark at
the spark plug to ignite the fuel.
◦ The coil is a compact, electrical transformer that
boosts the battery's 12 volts to as high as 20,000
volts.
Mode 3: ionization process in
dielectric materials
Mode 3: ionization process in
dielectric materials
 Ozone generators
◦ Ozone generators are used to produce ozone for
cleaning air or remove smoke odors in unoccupied
rooms.
◦ Eliminate unpleasant smells from urban waste as it
passes through sewage-treatment plants.
Mode 3: ionization process in
dielectric materials
Insulation in high voltage
 High voltage apparatus or equipment are used in
various conditions.

 Therefore, there is a need to pay attention on:


◦ Careful design of insulation
◦ Electrostatic field profiles

 There are four types of media used for the purpose of


insulations:
◦ Gases / vacuum (sulfur hexafluoride SF6)
◦ Liquid (Oil)
◦ Solid (PVC and ceramic)
◦ Combination of the above
Insulation in high voltage
 Examples of equipment or components that need a
high voltage insulation are:
◦ Switchgear (insulator can be SF6 or oil)
◦ Transformer (insulator is transformer oil and
bushing)
◦ Cable (insulator is PVC or rubber)
◦ Transmission tower (insulator is high voltage
bushing)
Insulation in high voltage

Cable insulation

Switchgear
Insulation in high voltage

Transmission tower
bushing

Transformer bushing
Insulation in high voltage

Transformer bushing
Insulation in high voltage
 For achieving reliability and economy, knowledge on
the causes of insulation failure or breakdown
mechanism is important.
 For optimum design of insulation, selection depends
on voltage stress, which in turns related to:
1. Dielectric strength kV/cm
2. Corona discharge
3. Other relevant factors
Classifications of voltage
levels
 The International Electro-technical Commission (1983)
defines high voltage as:
◦ > 1000 V for AC
◦ > 1200 V for DC

 Current practice for high voltage transmission in TNB


are 132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV.
Classifications of voltage
levels
 Standard operating voltages in Europe and USA are as
follows:
Important definitions
 Atom
◦ An atom is the smallest particle of any element.
◦ It consist of a central, dense nucleus that is
surrounded by one or more lightweight negatively
charged particles called electrons.
◦ The nucleus consists of positively charged particles
called protons, & neutrons which are neutral.
◦ An atom is held together by forces of attraction
between the electrons and the protons. The
neutrons help to hold the protons together.
Important definitions
 Molecule
◦ A molecule consists of two or more atoms held
together by chemical bond that involves the
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.
Important definitions
 Ion
◦ An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total no
of electrons is not equal to the total no of protons,
giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical
charge.
Important definitions
 Ionization
◦ The process of converting an atom or molecule into
an ion by adding or removing electrons.
THANK YOU

You might also like