Java in OOP course

Compiled by:
Tefera.S (PhD. Candidate in Information Science @ JIT).

Academic Year: 2024

Course Credit: 3, for 3rd year, 1st semester, Information Science

undergraduates

Madda Walabu University

Bale Robe, Ethiopia
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 Chapter 1
Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

Types of Programming Paradigm:-

• Nowadays, the major revolutions and innovations in the

programming world are unlike the features or properties
observed in advance of programming languages and interfaces.

• As might be expected, there is no unique standard for

classifying programming languages in a dynamic and evolving
field.

• The most fundamental way programming languages are

characterized or classified by programming paradigm.
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 Cont…
• A programming paradigm provides the programmer's
view of code execution.
• Among these, the following are worth mentioning:
• Procedural programming paradigm
• Structured programming paradigm and
• Object-Oriented Programming Paradigms
A) Procedural Programming Paradigms:-
• Procedural programming specifies a list of operations
that the program must complete to reach the desired
state.
• Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to
complete, and an ending point.
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 Cont…
• A procedure is effectively a list of computations (Steps) to be carried
out.

• Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured

programming, where all the code exists in a single large block.

• High-level languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN and C, are usually

recognised as procedure-oriented programming Languages
(POPL).

• In the procedure-oriented approach, the problem is viewed as an

order of things to be done such as reading, calculating and printing.
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The techniques of hierarchical decomposition have been used to specify the tasks to be
completed to solve a problem.

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• Procedure-oriented programming consists of writing a list of
instructions (actions) for the computer to follow and organising these
instructions into groups known as functions.
• A serious drawback of the procedural approach is that it does not
model real-world problems very well.
• Because functions are action-oriented and do not correspond to
the elements of the problem.
• Some characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented programming
are:
• Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
• Large programs are separated into smaller programs known as
Functions.
• Most of the functions help to share global data.
• Data moves openly around the system from function to function.
• Functions enhance to transform data from one to another
programming bodies.
• Employs a top-down approach in program design.
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B) Structured Programming Paradigms
• (SPP):-is a special type of procedural programming:-

It provides extra tools to manage the problems that larger

programs are creating.
It requires that programmers break program structure into
small pieces of code that are easily understood.
Also not comfortable with the use of global variables, and
instead uses variables local to each subroutine.

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C) Object-Oriented Programming Paradigms (OOPP)

• This is the cornerstone and the major inspiring factor in the

invention of the object-oriented approach is to remove some of the
flaws encountered in the procedural approach.

• So, the (OOP) treats data as a critical element in the program

advance and does not allow it to flow freely around the system.

• It ties data more strictly to the functions that operate on it and

keeps it from accidental modification from outside functions.

• So, OOP allows the decomposition of a problem into many entities

called objects and then builds data & functions around these
objects.
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• The data of an object can be accessed only by the functions
allied with that object.
• So, the functions of one object can access the functions of
other objects.

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Some of the striking features of OOP are:

• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

• Programs are divided into what are known as objects.

• Data structures are designed such that they describe the objects.

• Functions that operate on an object’s data are tied together in the

data structure.

• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.

• Objects may communicate with each other through functions.

• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.

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 Overview of OO principles:-
 Overall understanding of some of the concepts used widely in OOP are:-
 Objects (a specific instance of a class)
 Classes (It is a blueprint for creating objects)
 Data abstraction/data hiding(showing only the vital features of an object). E.g. ATM
 Encapsulation (allows a class to hide the operation details of programmed elements).
 Inheritance (that allows a class to inherit properties & behaviors from another class).
 Polymorphism (something that occurs in several different forms). E.g. (Class Area).
 Dynamic binding (the actual method that gets executed isn't known until the code is running).
 Message Passing (objects to talk and interact with each other by sending messages).

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 Objects

• Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-

oriented system.
• It may signify a Person, Animal, Thing, a place, a bank
account, a Table of data, or any item that the program
has to handle.
• Programming problem is analyzed in terms of objects and
the nature of communication between them.
• When a program is executed, the objects interact by
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• For example, if “customer” & “account” are two objects
in a program, the customer object may send a message to
the account object requesting the bank balance.
• Each object contains data, and code to manipulate the data.
• Objects can interact without having to know details of each
other’s data or code.

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Classes
• Objects are variables of the type class.
• Once a class has been defined, we can create any
number of objects belonging to that class.
• Each object is associated with the data of the type class
with which they are created.
• A class is thus a collection of objects of similar type.
• For example, mango, apple and orange are members of the
class fruit.
• Classes are user-defined data types and behave like the
built-in types of a programming language.
• If fruit has been defined as a class, then the statement
• fruit mango; Orange, Banana…..
• will create as an objects belonging to the class fruit.
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 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation

• Wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (called

class) is known as encapsulation.

• Data encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class.

• The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those
functions, which are wrapped in the class can access it.

• Functions offer the interface B/n the object’s data & the
program.

• This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is

called
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 Cont...

• Abstraction is the act of representing essential features without including the

background details or explanations.

• Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract

attributes such as size, weight, cost, and functions to operate on these attributes.
• They encapsulate all the essential properties of the objects that are to be created.

• The attributes are sometimes called data members, b/c they hold evidence.

• The functions that operate on these data are sometimes called methods /member

functions.
• Since the classes use the concept of data abstraction, they are known as Abstract

Data Types (ADT).

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 Inheritance

• Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the

properties of objects of another class.

• It is a mechanism that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from

another class.

• It supports the concept of hierarchical classification.

• For example, the bird ‘robin’ is a part of the class ‘flying bird’ which
is again a part of the class ‘bird’.

• The belief behind this sort of division is that each derived class
shares common characteristics with the class from which it is derived.
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Cont…

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 Cont…
• In OOP, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability.
• This means we can add extra features to an existing class without modifying it.
• This is possible by deriving a new class from the existing one.
• The new class will have the combined features of both classes.

Polymorphism
• It is a Greek term, that means the ability to take more than one form.
• An operation may exhibit unlike behaviours in unlike instances.
• The behaviour depends upon the types of data used in the operation.
• For example, consider the operation of addition (+).
• For two numbers, the operation will generate a sum (2+3=5).
• If the operands are strings, then the operation would produce a third string by concatenation
(string 1 =“Hello,”, string2 = “World!”; result = string1 + string2 and print (result) then the
output = Hello, World!).
• The process of making an operator exhibit diverse behaviours in diverse instances
is known as operator overloading.
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 Cont…
• Using a single function name to perform diverse types of
tasks is known as function overloading.

• Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects

having different internal structures to share the same
external interface.

• This means that a general class of operations may be

accessed in the same manner even though specific
actions associated with each operation may differ.

• 27/04/2025
Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing 20
Cont…

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 Dynamic Binding

• Binding linking of a procedure call to the code to be

executed in response to the call.
• Dynamic binding (recognised as late binding) means
the code associated with a given procedure call is
not known until the time of the call at run-time.
• It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
• A function call associated with a polymorphic reference
depends on the dynamic type of that reference.
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 Cont…
• Consider the way “draw” in the above figure, By
inheritance, every object will have this process.
• Its algorithm is, however, unique to each object, and so
the draw procedure will be redefined in each class that
defines the object.
• At run-time, the code matching the object under the
current reference will be called.

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 Message Passing

• An OOP contains a set of objects that communicate with

each other.
• The process of programming in an object-oriented language,
therefore, involves the following basic steps:
1. Creating classes that define objects and their behaviour,
2. Creating objects from class definitions, and
3. Establishing communication among objects .

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• Objects communicate with one another by sending and
receiving info much the same way as people pass
messages to one another.
• A message for an object is a request for execution of a
procedure and therefore will invoke a function (procedure)
in the receiving object that generates the desired result.
• Message passing involves specifying the name of the
object, the name of the function (message) and the
information to be sent.

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Cont...
• Objects have a life cycle.
• They can be created and destroyed.
• Communication with an object is feasible as long as it is alive.
Benefits of OOP
• OOP offers many benefits to both the program designer and the
user.
• Object-orientation contributes to the solution of many problems
associated with the development and quality of software products.
• Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend
the use of the existing class
• We can build programs from the standard working modules that
communicate with one another, rather than having to start writing
the code from scratch.
• This leads to saving development time and higher productivity
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Cont...
• The principle of data hiding helps the programmer build
secure programs that cannot be invaded by code in
other parts of the program.
• It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to
co-exist without any interference.
• It is easy to partition the work in a project based on
objects
• Software complexity can be easily managed.
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Some of the Applications of OOP:-

• The promising areas for application of OOP include:

• Real-time systems

• Simulation and modelling

• Object-oriented databases

• Hypertext, hypermedia and experts

• AI and expert systems

• Neural networks and parallel programming

• Decision support and office automation systems

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 End of ch-1!

“If Spider Webs United Together

It Can Tie a Lion”

Thank you for the smooth attention.

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