Magnetic Particle Testing

• This method is used to discover surface

& subsurface discontinuities in
ferromagnetic materials
Magnetic Particle Testing
• If any surface or subsurface
discontinuity is present in the
test part in an area of magnetic
field, it causes leakage in the
magnetic field
• If finely divided particles of
magnetic materials are applied
on the surface, they get
attracted in area where there is
leakage of magnetic field.
Surface condition
• Prior to examination, surface to be
examined & all adjacent area within
at list 1 inch(25mm) shell be dry &
free of all dirt, grease, scale, welding
flux & spatter, oil etc…

Cleaning prior to examination

Steps of examination
1. Cleaning & surface
preparation
2. De-magnetize
3. Magnetize
4. Application of magnetic
particles (Dry or wet, visible
or fluorescent)
5. Inspection
6. Demagnetize
7. Cleaning
 Steps of examination

Preclean inspection Place Yoke on test Energize Yoke.

area. Spray on piece perpendicular Magnetic field will
Cleaner. Wipe off to direction of form in test
piece.
with cloth. suspected cracks.
 Steps of examination

Apply magnetic Indications will form

powder or prepared immediately.
bath while Yoke is
energized.
Characteristics of magnetic lines
of forces(Flux lines)
• They never cross each other
• They are most dense at the
poles of a magnet
• They form a closed loop or
circuit
• They enter the magnet at
south pole & leave the magnet
at north pole
• They seek the path of least
resistance
Techniques of magnetization
1. Magnetization using coil
2. Circular Magnetization
3. Magnetization using Prod
4. Magnetization using Yoke
 Magnetization using coil
 When electric current is passed through a coil,
the current flows in circular direction in the coil
which creates a longitudinal magnetic field
along the axis of the part which can detect
transverse (circumferential) discontinuities in
the part
Circular Magnetization
• when current is passed
directly through the axis of
the compound, the current
flows in longitudinal direction
which creates a circular
circular magnetization in the
test part, which can detect
longitudinal discontinuities.
Circular Magnetization
• The field strength varies from
zero at the center of the
component to a maximum at
the surface.
• The field strength outside the
conductor is directly
proportional to the current
strength. Inside the conductor
the field strength is dependent
on the current strength,
magnetic permeability of the
material.
Magnetization using prod
• Prods creates circular
magnetization in test part.
Discontinuities which are in
line with prod will be detected.
• Prods have arcing or burnout
effect in the test part which
may result in cracking.
 Magnetization using prod

LOCALIZED AREA MAGNETIZATION USING PROD TECHNIQUE

 Magnetization using prod

LOCALIZED AREA MAGNETIZATION USING PROD TECHNIQUE

Magnetization using prod
Problems occur with different
prod materials
•Copper – Can leave copper
contamination.
•Aluminium – Soft, burn easily
•Steel – Burn workplace & rust
•Lead – Soft, heavy
Magnetization using Yoke
Magnetization using Yoke
Generation of magnetic field
1. Earths magnetic field (very
weak to carry out MPT)
2. Permanent magnet
3. Using electric current
Permanent magnet
• Used for testing small
components
• Suitable where electricity
is either not available or
not permitted to used
Limitations of permanent magnet
• Inability to adjust field
strength
• Difficulty to separating the
component & the magnet
after inspection
• Magnetic properties decrease
with time & use
• These magnets should only be
used with magnetic inks & not
dry powder
Using electric current
• Direct current (DC), Half
wave rectify current
(HWDC) & Alternating
current (AC) are used for
magnetization of test part
• The magnetic field is
created inside the test
part which is in
perpendicular direction to
the direction of the
current.
Using electric current
• For the best defect
detectability magnetic
field should be at right
angle to the major axis of
defect
• The direction of magnetic
field in a test part is
controlled by the direction
of current flow
The selection of current depends on
• The strength of the
magnetic field required
• The direction of the
magnetic field required
• The distribution of the
magnetic field required
 Demagnetization
• All ferromagnetic material will retain
some residual magnetism, the strength
of which is dependent on the retentivity
of the part
• A residual field may cause chips, filing,
scale, etc
Demagnetization methods
• Withdrawal from Alternating
Current Coil
• Decreasing Alternating Current
• Demagnetizing With Yokes
• Reversing Direct Current
Withdrawal from Alternating Current Coil
• The fastest and most simple
technique is to pass the part
through a high intensity alternating
current coil and then slowly
withdraw the part from the field of
the coil
• A coil of 5000 to 10 000 ampere
turns is recommended
Decreasing Alternating Current

• An alternative technique for part

demagnetization is subjecting
the part to the field while
gradually reducing its strength to
a desired level
 Demagnetizing With Yokes
• Alternating current yokes may be
used for local demagnetization by
placing the poles on the surface,
moving them around the area, and
slowly withdrawing the yoke while
it is still energized
Reversing Direct Current
• The part to be demagnetized is
subjected to consecutive steps of
reversed and reduced direct current
magnetization to a desired level
• Effective process to demagnetize
large parts
• This technique requires
• special equipment for reversing the
current while simultaneously
reducing it in small increments
Demagnetization
• After demagnetization residual fields
should not exceed 3 G (240 Am−1)
anywhere in the piece, unless
specified on the engineering drawing
or in the contract, purchase order, or
specification
Magnetic particle Concentration check
• The bath containing magnetic
particles is agitated to the form
a uniform suspension of
particles in the carrier fluid &
100ml of the suspension is
collected in centrifugal tube.
• The particles are allowed to
settle in the centrifugal tube for
30 min. in vibration free
location.
Magnetic particle Concentration check
• The volume of settle particles
is evaluated.
• In case of fluorescent particles,
reading is taken under black
light.
• Bath concentration is checked
daily before commencement of
work.
Magnetic particle Concentration check
According to
“Indian standard code”
• Bath concentration for red
or black particle – 1.2 to
2.4 ml per 100ml
Examples of Magnetic Particle
Indication
Indications of Cracks
Before and after inspection pictures
of cracks emanating from a hole
Indication of cracks running between attachment
holes in a hinge
 Indication
of cracks
originating
at a
fastener
hole
INDICATIONS OF SURFACE CRACKS (PRODUCED BY
CENTRAL CONDUCTOR DC MAGNETIZATION)
INDICATIONS OF SURFACE CRACKS (PRODUCED BY
CENTRAL CONDUCTOR, DC MAGNETIZATION)
SURFACE INDICATIONS (PRODUCED BY CENTRAL
CONDUCTOR DC MAGNETIZATION)
INDICATIONS OF SURFACE CRACKS (PRODUCED BY
CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION, DC CONTINUOUS)
INDICATIONS OF SURFACE CRACKS (PRODUCED BY
CIRCULAR DIRECT MAGNETIZATION, AC CONTINUOUS)
Post Examination Cleaning
Cleaning techniques employed are
• The use of compressed air to blow off
unwanted dry magnetic particles
• Drying of wet particles and subsequent
removal by brushing or with compressed
air
• Removal of wet particles by flushing with
solvent
• Other suitable post-examination cleaning
techniques may be used if they will not
interfere with subsequent requirements.
Verifying System Performance
• A practical way to evaluate the
performance and sensitivity of
the dry or wet magnetic particles
or overall system performance
• Indicator with known
discontinuities of the type and
severity is use for verification.
 ‘‘Pie’’
Field
Indicator
‘‘Pie’’ Field Indicator
• The magnetic field indicator
relies on the slots between the
pie shaped segments to show the
presence and the approximate
direction of the magnetic field
• A suitable field strength is
indicated when a clearly defined
line of magnetic particles forms
across the copper face of the
indicator
‘‘Pie’’ Field Indicator
Failure to obtain an indication can
result from:
• Insufficient magnetic field, or
• The magnetic properties of the
material being examined or both
SLOTTED SHIM
 SLOTTED SHIM
• Slot depths of 15, 30, and 60% of
the shim thickness can be obtained;
the slots being chemically milled
• The slotted side is placed in close
contact with the piece
• The circular slot indicates the
direction of maximum field strength
and the angular tolerance of
sensitivity
SLOTTED SHIM
• The radially slotted strip has
been found most useful for parts
with narrow spaces and small
radii
• For dry powder applications, the
excess powder must be blown
off before the current stops
flowing
Test
ring
Test ring
• The material used fir ring is tool
steel machined from AISI 01
material
• Either the machined ring or the
steel blank should be annealed at
1650°F (900°C), cooled 50°F
(28°C) per hour to 1000°F
(540°C) and then air cooled to
ambient temperature
Test ring
• The test ring is circularly magnetized
with full-wave rectified AC passing
through a central conductor with a 1
to 11⁄4-in. (25 to 31-mm) diameter
hole located in the ring center
• For dry particles the minimum
number of holes shown shall be four
• For wet particles the minimum
number of holes shown shall be three
• The ring edge should be examined
after 1 min with either black light or
visible light
 Calibration
• Magnetizing equipment shall
be calibrated at least once a
year, or in case of major
electric repair or damage
• If equipment has not been in
use for a year or more,
calibration shell be done prior
to first use
 Calibration Procedure
• Accuracy of unit’s meter
shell be verified annually
by equipment traceable to
a national standard
• Comparative readings shall
be taken for at list three
different current output
levels
Calibration Tolerance
• The unit meter reading
shall not deviate by more
then ±10% of full scale,
relative to the actual
current value as shown by
the test meter
Main uses of MT
• Used to inspect
ferromagnetic materials
like iron, nickel, cobalt
(those that can be
magnetized)
Advantages of MT
 Large surface areas of complex parts can
be inspected rapidly.
 Can detect surface and subsurfa1ce flaws.
 Surface preparation is less critical than it is
in penetrant inspection.
 Magnetic particle indications are produced
directly on the surface of the part and form an
image of the discontinuity.
 Equipment costs are relatively low.
This technique can produce repeatable result
Disadvantages of MT
• Only ferromagnetic materials
can be inspected.
• Proper alignment of magnetic
field and defect is critical.
• Large currents are needed for
very large parts.
• Requires relatively smooth
surface.
• Paint or other nonmagnetic
coverings adversely affect
sensitivity.
• Demagnetization and post
cleaning is usually necessary.
ACCESSORIES

YOKE (Y6,Y7, Y8)

 ACCESSORIES

MAGNETIC POWDERS FOR

DRY & WET APPLICATION

•Available in Dry as well as wet application

ACCESSORIES

RESIDUAL FIELD INDICATOR

ACCESSORIES
TEST PLATES FOR YOKE TYPE CRACK DETECTORS

FIELD
INDICATORS
(Pie Gauge)
ACCESSORIES

KETO'S RING
ACCESSORIES

MAGNETIC POWDER BLOWER

ACCESSORIES

Range : 0 to 50,000 Lux

Lux Meters
Magnetizing Yoke Kits
Magnetizing Yoke Kits