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7. Digestive System

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priyanka.choudhary
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3 views

7. Digestive System

Uploaded by

priyanka.choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digestive

System
SCSA DOT POINT:
THE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS IN A FORM
THAT CAN BE USED IN CELLS IS
FACILITATED BY THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AT
THE CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN LEVELS
Digestive
System –
Label the
Diagram
The Tongue

Jari Keinänen
Human Dentition
Incisors
Canine
Premolars

Molars

Upper
dentition
Human Dentition

Molars Pre-molars Incisors


Gray’s Anatomy
Canine
Oesophagus
• The oesophagus is a tube that
connects the throat (pharynx) and
the stomach.
• It is about 8 inches (20
centimetres) long. The oesophagus
isn’t just a hollow tube that food
slips down like a water slide,
though.
• The oesophagus is made of
muscles that contract to move food
to the stomach. This process is
called peristalsis
The Stomach
• The stomach has the ability to expand or
contract depending upon the amount of
food contained within it. When
contracted, the interior walls form
numerous folds (rugae), which disappear
when the walls are distended.
• 3 layers of muscle in stomach walls. All
layers contract in different directions
allowing for churning.
• The three layers of smooth
muscle consist of the outer longitudinal,
the middle circular, and the
inner oblique muscles
• The thick mucous-membrane lining of
the walls is densely packed with
small gastric glands; these secrete a
mixture of enzymes and hydrochloric
acid that partly digest proteins and fats.
Small Intestine

• 6.7 to 7.6 metres long, diameter


1.7cm (approx.)
• Villi to increase surface area
• Large blood supply
• Pancreas and gall bladder have ducts
that enter the duodenum
• Smooth muscle
Section through small intestine showing villi

Secreto
ry cells

Villu
s
Gland

L. Slomianka ANHB-UWA
Section through a villus

Epithelial cells
& goblet cells
Lacteal
Network of
blood capillaries
Intestinal
gland
Lymph vessels
Large Intestine
• 1.5 m long, 7.5 cm in diameter
• Lining secretes mucous to help
the movement of the material
to pass through
• 18 – 24 hours for material to
pass through
• Bacteria present to break down
starch and other larger organic
material
• Some nutrients and vitamins
absorbed here
• Water reabsorbed
Accessory Organs and Glands
Salivary glands
• Secrete saliva – rich in salivary amylase
• Lubricates the passage for the bolus
Liver
• Produces bile (alkaline fluid)
• breaks lipids down into smaller droplets to
increase surface area and efficiency of
lipases
Pancreas
• proteases - protein  polypeptides  amino
acids
• lipases that break down lipids  glycerol and
fatty acids
Gall bladder
• Serves as a reservoir for bile while it’s not
being used for digestion.
• The gallbladder's absorbent lining
concentrates the stored bile
Digestion -
FUNCTION
SCSA DOT POINTS:

• DIGESTION INVOLVES THE BREAKDOWN OF LARGE MOLECULES TO SMALLER ONES BY MECHANICAL DIGESTION
(TEETH, BILE AND PERISTALSIS) AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION (BY ENZYMES WITH DISTINCTIVE OPERATING
CONDITIONS AND FUNCTIONS THAT ARE LOCATED IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
• THE SALIVARY GLANDS, PANCREAS, LIVER AND GALL BLADDER PRODUCE OR STORE SECRETIONS WHICH AID
THE PROCESSES OF DIGESTION
• ABSORPTION REQUIRES NUTRIENTS TO BE IN A FORM THAT CAN CROSS CELL MEMBRANES INTO THE BLOOD OR
LYMPH AND OCCURS AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, INCLUDING THE SMALL INTESTINE AND LARGE INTESTINE
• ELIMINATION REMOVES UNDIGESTED MATERIALS AND SOME METABOLIC WASTES FROM THE BODY
Mouth

Mechanical
• Mastication in mouth
(teeth)
• Tongue produces a bolus
(ball of mashes up moist
food)
Chemical
• Salivary amylase – begins
the breakdown of Starch 
simple sugars
Oesophagus

• Peristalsis muscular
movements that push the
bolus towards the stomach
• No digestion happening
here
Stomach
Mechanical
• Muscular movements in stomach ( 3
layers of muscles that all move in
different directions for churning and
squishing)
• Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)
activates the peptin and kills bacteria
Chemical
• Peptin secreted by the stomach -
protein  polypeptide
All of this semi breaks down the food into
Chyme
Small intestine
Mechanical
• Bile (from liver) breaks lipids down into
smaller droplets to increase surface area
and efficiency of lipases
Chemical
• Pancreatic proteases - protein 
polypeptides  amino acids (enters the
small intestine in the duodenum)
• Pancreatic amylase breakdown of Starch
 disaccharides
• Intestinal Juice – Amylases that break
disaccharides  monosaccharides
• Pancreatic juice and intestinal juices–
lipases that break down lipids  glycerol
and fatty acids

• Absorption of nutrients occurs here


Factors that
affect absorption
of nutrients
Villi
• Increase surface area
• Large blood supply
• One cell thick
Large intestine
• Goblet cells secrete mucous to aid
with movement
• Absorption of water mostly and
ions (Na+, Cl- & K+)
• Vitamins produced by the bacteria
absorbed
Elimination vs Excretion

• The food molecules that • Wastes produced by the


cannot be digested or body through
absorbed need to metabolism need to be
be eliminated from the excreted
body.
• The removal of these
• The removal of indigestible
wastes through the
wastes through the anus,
in the form of faeces, is sweat glands, lungs and
defecation or elimination. kidneys is called
excretion.

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