Urinary System

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

1
 Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

•Name the parts of the urinary system and discuss the

function of each part

•Define combining forms used in building words that

relate to the urinary system

•Identify the meaning of related abbreviations

•Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and

laboratory tests used in treating disorders of the urinary
system 2
 Objectives Part 2
•List and define the major pathological conditions of
the urinary system

•Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to the

urinary system

•Recognize common pharmacological agents used in

treating the urinary system

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 Structure and Function
The Urinary System Bladder Kidneys
•Also called the
excretory system

•Maintains water Urinary System

balance

•Removes waste
products from the blood Urethra Ureters
by excreting them in the
urine
Meatus
4
 Kidneys
Kidneys
Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the
retroperitoneal portion of the abdominal cavity on either
side of the vertebral column.

Two Primary Functions

•To form urine for excretion

•To retain essential substances the body needs in the

process called reabsorption

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 Parts of
Kidneys filter about 1700
the Kidney
kidney
liters of blood daily in the
average adult. medulla
Parts of the kidneys
•Cortex hilum
-outer protective portion
•Medulla
-inner soft portion
•Hilum
-a depression located in the middle of the
concave side of the kidney where blood vessels,
nerves, and the ureters enter and exit the cortex
kidneys
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 Urine Production
Urine is produced by filtration of:
•water •sugar •creatine
•salts •urea •uric acid
Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons
which are the functional units of the kidneys.
Blood Flow through the Kidneys
Blood enters through the renal artery arterioles
Each arteriole leads to a nephron renal corpuscle
(which has a group of capillaries called the glomerulus)

The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is

the first place where urine is formed in the kidneys.
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 Structure and
Blood
Flow •BloodFunction
flows through the
Glomeruli glomerulus at a constant
rate.

•Each glomerulus is
Urine surrounded by a capsule
Flow known as Bowman’s
capsule.

•Blood then passes into the

renal tubules where some
substances are reabsorbed
and the remaining become
urine.
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Flow of Urine Flow of Urine
Nephron
glomerulus

Renal artery
renal tubules
Renal vein

renal pelvis Ureter

Renal medulla
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
renal calices
Filtered blood exits the kidneys via the renal
vein.
ureters The renal tubules carry urine to ducts in the
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renal cortex.
 Ureters
Ureters

•A tube approximately 6 to 7 inches long attached to

each kidney
•Made up of three layers of tissue
-smooth muscle
-fibrous tissue
-mucous layer

Peristalsis, a rhythmic contraction of the ureter

smooth muscle which helps to move the urine
into the bladder. 10
 Urinary Bladder
Urinary bladder Urinary Bladder
Ureter •Hollow, muscular organ that stores
urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the urine in
place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine
before emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue that
stretch to allow the bladder to hold
twice its capacity
Prostate
•The trigone is a triangular area at
gland
the base of the bladder where the
Urethra ureters enter and the urethra exits

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 Urethra
Urethra
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that
carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the
body.

Female Urethra Male Urethra

•Approximately 1.5 •Approximately 8 inches
inches long long
•Opens through the •Passes through three
meatus different regions:
-prostate gland
Excreting urine is called -membranous portion
voiding or micturition -penis 12
 Combining Forms and
Combining Forms Meaning
Abbreviations
cali(o) calix

cyst(o) bladder

glomerul(o) glomerulus

meato meatus

nephr(o) kidney

pyel(o) renal pelvis

ren(o) kidney 13
 Combining
Combining Forms Forms [trigon(o)]
Meaning
trigon(o) trigone

urin(o) urine

ureter(o) ureter

urethr(o) urethra

vesic(o) bladder

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 Combining FormsMeaning
Abbreviation [ADH]
ADH antidiuretic hormone

A/G albumin/globulin

AGN acute glomerulonephritis

ARF acute renal failure

ATN acute tubular nephrosis

BNO bladder neck obstruction

BUN blood urea nitrogen 15

 Combining Forms Meaning
Abbreviation [CAPD]
CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis
Cath catheter

Cl chlorine

CRF chronic renal failure

cysto cystoscopy

ESRD end-stage renal disease

ESWL extracorporeal shock wave

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lithotripsy
 Combining Forms
Abbreviation
[HD]
Meaning
HD hemodialysis

IVP intravenous pyelogram

K+ potassium

KUB kidney, ureter, bladder

Na+ sodium

pH power of hydrogen
concentration
PKU phenylketonuria 17
 Combining Forms
Abbreviation [RP]
Meaning

RP retrograde pyelogram

SG specific gravity

UA urinalysis

UTI urinary tract infection

VCU voiding cystourethrogram

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 Diagnostic, Procedural &
Laboratory Terms
Urologists are physicians who specialize in disorders of the male
and female urinary tracts, and the male reproductive system.

Common Tests Characteristics of Urine

•Normal urine is straw-colored
Urinalysis and clear
•Examination of the urine • Normal specific gravity (SG)
for its physical and range is from 4.5 to 8.0
chemical properties •Specific gravity measures the
•Obtained from clients amount of wastes, minerals and
who fill a specimen solids present in the urine
container or by urinary
catheterization
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 Abnormal Findings in Urine
Glucose
Casts Albumin

Abnormal Findings
Blood Ketones
in the Urine

Phenylketones (PKU) Bilirubin

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 Urinary Foley
bladder catheter
Types of Catheters - Foley
Types of Catheters

Foley catheter To urine

container
•An indwelling catheter
held in place by an
inflated balloon in the
bladder

Clip
Drain 21
 Types of Catheters - Condom
Condom
catheter
Types of Catheters
Tube
Condom catheter

•External catheter Leg

consisting of a rubber collection
sheath placed over the bag
penis

22
 Blood Tests
Blood Tests
•Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

•Creatinine Clearance Test

The presence of high amounts of urea or creatinine in

the blood shows that the kidney is not properly
filtering these substances.

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 Imaging Tests
Imaging Tests
•Cystoscopy
-tubular instrument used to
examine the bladder
•Intravenous Pyelogram
-x-rays of the urinary tract after a
contrast medium is injected into the
bloodstream
•KUB
-x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract (kidney, ureter, and
bladder)
•Renal Scan
-radioactive imaging used to diagnose kidney disorders
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 Urinary Tract Procedures
Dialysis solution
Urinary Tract Procedures
Dialysis
•Hemodialysis Peritoneal
-the process of filtering blood cavity
outside the body in an artificial
kidney machine that returns the
blood back to the body after
filtering. Solution
draining
Peritoneal dialysis (pictured) out
-the insertion and removal of a
dialysis solution into the
peritoneal cavity. Catheter
Drained
solution 25
 ESWL
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
-the breaking up of urinary stones
by using shock waves from outside
the body

Ultrasound
system

Shock waves enter

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 Inflammatory & Infectious
Urinary Tract Infection
Disorders Glomerulonephritis

Inflammatory
Nephritis & Nephrosis
Infectious Disorders

Hydronephrosis Polycystic kidney disease

Cystitis
Nephroblastoma 27
 Pathological Terms
Terms Used to Describe Difficulties in Urination

anuresis polyuria

•No urinary output •Excessive urination

dysuria incontinence

•Involuntary discharge of urine

•Painful urination
or feces
enuresis oliguria
•Lack of bladder •Scanty urination
control

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 Surgical Terms
Parts of the urinary system
may be surgically removed
•Nephrectomy- removal of a kidney
•Ureterectomy- removal of a ureter
•Cystectomy- removal of the bladder

Surgical repair procedures

•Pyeloplasty- repair of the renal pelvis
•Cystoplasty- repair of the bladder
•Urethroplasty- repair of the urethra

A urostomy is the creation of an artificial opening in the abdomen

through which urine exits the body.
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 Other Surgical Procedures
Other Surgical Procedures

Nephrolysis
•Removal of an adhesion in the kidney

Nephrolithotomy
•Removal of a kidney stone

Nephropexy
•Surgical fixation of the kidney

Nephrorrhaphy
•Suturing of a damaged kidney
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 Pharmacological Terms
Medications used for urinary conditions assist to:
•Relieve Pain (analgesic)

•Relieve Spasms (antispasmodic)

•Inhibit the growth of

microorganisms (antibiotic)

•Increase urine output

(diuretic)

•Decrease urine output

(antidiuretic)
31
 Apply Your Knowledge
Complete the following Urinary System flowchart by naming the
structures in descending order.

kidney

ureters

bladder

urethra

meatus 32
 Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
Following a severe injury, Mr. Hudson is told by his
urologist that he will need a surgical procedure to
allow urine to exit the body through an opening in the
abdomen.

Which of the following procedures will Mr. Hudson

have performed?

A. urethrotomy

B. ureterectomy

C. urostomy

Answer: C. urostomy 33
 Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Susan was diagnosed with a bladder infection and
given medication to treat the infection but she did
not take it. Failure to treat a bladder infection may
lead to which of the following?

A. kidney infection

B. cystitis

C. bladder cancer

Answer: A. kidney infection 34

Apply Yourwere
If an individual Knowledge Part
to have a drastic drop4in
blood pressure below normal, which of the
following would you expect, based on what you
have learned about the renal system?

A. increase in urine production

B. decrease in urine production

C. no change in urine production

Answer: B. decrease in urine production

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