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Chapter 13 introduces the analysis of variance (ANOVA), highlighting its advantages over t-tests, including flexibility in design and reduced Type 1 error risk. It covers key concepts such as variability, hypothesis testing, and the logic behind ANOVA, including its notation and calculations. The chapter also discusses the relationship between ANOVA and t-tests, emphasizing ANOVA's capability to analyze multiple means and factors.

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11 views22 pages

ch13-1skelpart+1

Chapter 13 introduces the analysis of variance (ANOVA), highlighting its advantages over t-tests, including flexibility in design and reduced Type 1 error risk. It covers key concepts such as variability, hypothesis testing, and the logic behind ANOVA, including its notation and calculations. The chapter also discusses the relationship between ANOVA and t-tests, emphasizing ANOVA's capability to analyze multiple means and factors.

Uploaded by

yarno.prc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 13: Introduction

to Analysis of Variance

The Single Factor Independent Measures


Design
Concepts you will need
 Variability
 Sum of Squares (SS) =

 Sample variance
 df

 The logic of hypothesis testing

 The basic logic of the t – test


t= ___________________________
Chapter Overview
 Preview: Rogers, Kuiper & Kirker, (1977) “self-reference” study.

 13.1 Intro - Advantages of ANOVA over t-test, flexibility of ANOVA for different types
of designs, definitions of “factors” and factorial designs

 13.2 Logic of ANOVA

 13.3 ANOVA notation & formulas

 13.4 Distribution of F ratios

 13.5 Examples of hypothesis :testing with ANOVA


 Calculation of Effect Size

 13.6 Post Hoc Tests

 13.7 Relationship between ANOVA & t-tests


Chap Preview
 Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) memory
study has four experimental conditions (4
treatment conditions).

 Results in Figure 13.1 on p. 388.



 With 4 independent groups, we would need to
do 6 t-tests to analyse these data.

 Problem is
13.1 Introduction
 Anova and t- tests do the same job.
 Both test for ..

 Problem with multiple t-tests


 Probability of making a Type 1 error ..

 ANOVA avoids increased Type 1 error by


doing 1 single test to compare
Other advantages of ANOVA over
t-tests
 ANOVA used to test for mean differences in a wide
variety of research situations.

 *See Fig. 13.2 for situation with ...

 ANOVA permits analysis of ..

 See Fig. 13.3 for this situation


ANOVA Terminology
 Factor = one independent..

 Levels = individual ........

 Self-reference study had ….

 Expt. with one independent variable (IV) is called a single factor design (like self-
reference study and Figure 13.2).

 Expt with > 1 factor (e.g., 2 IVs) is known as ..................... design (like Fig.
13.3).

 ANOVA can be used to analyse results from all designs:

 Independent...
 Repeated ..
 Mixed design = mixture of ..
Single Factor Independent
Measures Design
 Typical set-up for independent measures experiment
shown in study investigating effect of room
temperature on learning (see Table 13.1)

 Note separate sample for each of the (3) treatment


conditions, i.e. ...
Table 13-1 (p. 393)
Hypothetical data from an experiment examining learning performance under three
temperature conditions.
Statistical Hypotheses for ANOVA
 Goal of ANOVA is to decide between the null and alternative
hypotheses:

 Ho (null): There are no differences between the populations


(treatments).

 The observed differences..

 That is, in the population, room temperature..

 Ho: u1 =
Statistical Hypotheses for ANOVA

 H1(alternative): The differences between the sample means


represent ..

 That is, the populations (treatments) really are ..

 The mean differences btw. samples are genuine – not ..

 E.g. Room temperature does ..

 H1: u1 ≠ is one possibility

 General form of H1: At least one population mean is ..


Test statistic for Anova: The
Numerator
 ANOVA similar logic and structure to t-test:

t = obtained difference between [the 2] sample means


difference expected by chance (due to sampling error)

 In ANOVA we calculate a F ratio rather than a t-ratio.

F = .. between sample means


.. expected by chance (due to sampling error)
F Ratio: The Numerator
F = .. between sample means
.. expected by chance (due to sampling error)

 The greater the differences btw. sample means, the greater


the..

 F ratio based on variance of sample means rather than


differences btw. sample means

 But still testing for significance of differences btw. means.

 Why variance of means rather than difference btw. means?


 Because ..
Test statistic for Anova: The
Denominator
 Both t and F statistics measure differences expected by chance

For t -- diff. btw. means expected by chance

For F -- .. expected by chance

 So smaller the value expected by chance, the smaller ...

 As with t, the larger the value of F, the greater the chance that the Ho ..

 and that we will conclude that the difference btw. means is due to the different ..

 Like t, we must compare obtained F to required F (criterion value) at chosen


alpha level

 As with t, we have F tables to allow us to do this.


SUMMARY
 Anova works on variation between (among) means rather than ..

 However, Anova uses variation among means to decide if the means are ..

 Both t-test and ANOVA testing for significance of ..

 Same purpose, different method.

 Also Anova can be used with more than just 2 means which is a limitation of the
t-test.

 ANOVA can be used with independent measures or repeated measures designs


(Ch. 14)

 ANOVA can also be used with more than 1 factor (>1 IV) (Ch. 15)
13.2 The Logic of ANOVA
 Use room temperature and learning example
(see Table 13.1 on next slide for data)
Table 13-1 (p. 401)
Hypothetical data from an experiment examining learning performance under three
temperature conditions.
ANOVA calculations
 Numbers in Table 13.1 are not all the same
 There is ….

 Goal of ANOVA is to measure the amount of variability and to ..

 Determine the ..

 First, we calculate total variability using all the data


 Calculate SS ..

 Then we analyse the total variability


 Break it down into ..

 Entire analysis shown on next slide


Figure 13-4 (p. 403)
The independent-measures analysis of variance partitions, or analyzes, the total variability into two components:
variance between treatments and variance within treatments.
ANOVA Calculations
 Total variability broken down into 2 components or sources of
variability

 1. Between Treatments Variance


 Some of the variability in scores is due to ..

 2. Within Treatments Variance

 Some of the variability in scores is due to differences in


scores of ..

 Within treatments variance provides a measure of variability


that is ….
Between treatments variance
 Measures how much difference exists between treatment conditions

 ANOVA decides between 2 explanations of between treatments


variance

 1. Differences between scores in the various treatment conditions ..

 Differences reflects naturally occurring differences that exist


between one sample and another.

 Unplanned ..

 2. Differences between scores in the various treatment conditions is


due to ..

 Differences are too large to be due to ..


Within treatments variance
 Differences due to chance are measured by ..

 Individual within same treatment condition are treated identically

 Any difference in their scores is assumed to be ..

 One primary sources of chance differences are ….

 Different individuals in different ..

 Second source of chance differences is ..

 .. errors can contribute to EE

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