21EES101T-ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICSENGINEERING
UNIT 1
Unit-1 -Electric Circuits
Introduction to basic terminologies in DC circuit, Kirchhoff’s Current law,
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law, Mesh Current Analysis, Nodal Voltage Analysis,
Thevenin’s Theorem, Maximum power transfer Theorem, Superposition
Theorem.
Basic terminologies of AC -RMS and Average value of half wave and Full
wave alternating quantity, Fundamentals of single-phase AC circuits-
Analysis of R-L, R-C, R-L-C series circuits-Fundamentals of three phase
AC system, Three-Phase Winding Connections, Relationship of Line and
Phase Voltages, and Currents in a Delta and Star-connected System
Practice on Theorems, Halfwave, Full wave bridge rectifier circuits.

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Introduction to basic terminologies in DC circuit
Electric circuits are broadly classified as direct current (dc) circuits and alternating
current (ac) circuits. In both dc and ac circuits several two-terminal elements are
interconnected. Table shows the elements used in dc circuits and ac circuits.

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Active and Passive two terminal elements
Active Components
An active component is an electronic component which supplies energy to a
circuit. Active elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow
(i.e. the flow of charge). All electronic circuits must contain at least one active
component.
Examples
Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators , transistors, Diodes

Passive Components
A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive
energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or store it in an electric field or a
magnetic field
Examples
Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Transformers.

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A simple DC circuit is given in below figure to get aware of DC circuit components and
its parameters.

Electric Voltage: The potential difference between two points or voltage in an electric
circuit is the amount of energy required to move a unit charge between two points.
Unit: Volts
Electric Current
It is the flow of electrons or electric charge. Unit: Ampere
Difference Between Conventional and Electron Current
Flow:

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Resistance:
The resistance of a conducting material opposes the flow of electrons. It is measured
in ohms ( Ω )
Electric Power (P)
The power is termed as the work done in a given amount of time. Unit : Watts
P = VI or I2R or V2/R

Electrical Energy
The rate at which electrical power consumed is generally referred as electrical energy.
Unit: watt-seconds or watt-hr
E=Px t

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Sol:

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Sol:

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Sol:

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 One mark solved sample problems

Sol:

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Sol:
Let I be the total current

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Sol:

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Kirchoff ’s Current Law (KCL)
Statement: The algebraic sum of currents meeting at
a junction or node in an electrical circuit is zero. [OR]
Statement: The sum of the currents flowing towards
any junction in an electric circuit is equal to the sum of
the currents flowing away from that junction.

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Kirchoff ’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop, the
algebraic sum of all the voltages taken around is zero.
[OR]
Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop,
sum of voltage drops equal sum of voltage rise.

Kirchoff’s laws can be explained with the help of the

circuit shown in Fig below

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While applying KVL, algebraic sums are involved. So, it is
necessary to assign proper signs to the voltage rises and voltage
drops. The following sign convention may be used.

•Consider the above circuit. It has two Mesh. [Mesh 1-

ABCFA, Mesh 2-CDEFC]
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy).
•Assume I1 > I2.

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•+, - for voltage sources are known . We have to enter
+, - for all resistor. In each resistor, current entering
point is + and leaving point is - . [Since I1 > I2, in R2,
current flows from up to down. ]
•Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BCFAB].
•In the above Fig, for Mesh 1, Start from B-C-F-A-and
end in B. While moving, if + comes first, it is potential
drop. If - comes first, it is potential rise. [Put the sign
which is coming first].
+ I1R1 + (I1-I2)R2 -V1 =0 ……….Equation -1

•For Mesh 2, Start at C-D-E-F-and end in C

+I2R3 + V2 -(I1-I2)R2 =0 ……….Equation -2

•V1, V2, R1, R2, R3 are known quantity. So if we solve

equation 1& 2, we get I1 & I2
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4. Apply KVL and find the current in each resistor

Sol :
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy).
•Assume I1 > I2.

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•Enter +, - for all resistor. In each resistor, current
entering point is + and leaving point is - .
•Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BCFAB]
+5I1 + 2(I1-I2) - 10=0 ……….Equation -1
Apply KVL for Mesh 2 [CDEFC]
+ 10I2 + 50 -2(I1-I2) =0 ……….Equation -2
From Equ 1
2I1-2I2 + 5I1= 10
7I1-2I2 = 10 ……….Equation -3
From Equ 2
10I2 - 2I1 + 2I2 = - 50
– 2I1 + 12I2 = - 50 ……….Equation -4
Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS,
we get I1= 0.25 A ; I2= -4.125 A [- ve I2 indicates
our assumption direction (clockwise) is wrong. So
change its direction] 26
I = 0.25 A (clockwise) ; I = 4.125 A (anticlockwise)
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MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS OR MESH ANALYSIS
For the same problem, apply mech analysis and find the current
in each resistor

Sol :
•Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume
clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy). .

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We know that RI=V (Ohms law). This we are going to
write in matrix form.
Size of ‘R’ matrix: No. of mesh x No. of mesh
Size of ‘I’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1
Size of ‘V’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1

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Diagonal elements- Always positive
Off-Diagonal elements-,Positive if both currents are in same direction in
the common resistor, negative if currents are in opposite direction in the
common resistor.
Note: If you assume all mesh currents in clockwise, your Off-Diagonal
elements will be always negative.
Voltage Matrix: If assumed mesh current and actual current [which flows
from +ve to - ve] are same, V is + ve. If not, V is -ve

7I1- 2I2 = 10 ……….Equation -1

– 2I1 + 12I2 = – 50 ……….Equation -2 30

Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS, we get
I1= 0.25 A ; I2= -4.125 A [- ve I2 indicates our assumption direction
(clockwise) is wrong. So change its direction]
I1= 0.25 A (clockwise) ; I2= 4.125 A (anticlockwise)

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Sol:

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Sol:

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Sol:
Let us assume I1 > I2 > I3

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Sol:
Let us assume I1 > I2 > I3

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Sol:

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Sol:

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 MESH ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE & CURRENT
SOURCES
Method 1: KVL Method
Method 2: Source transformation and then mesh analysis
Note: If load [where current/voltage/power is asked] is internal resistance of
current source, you have solve only by KVL Method

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Source transformation is not possible since RAB & REF are loads

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END OF MESH ANALYSIS 51
Nodal Analysis of Circuits
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Numerical
Nodal Analysis with voltage & current sources

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 Linear and Non-linear Circuits
Linear circuits
• They can also be made up of ideal resistors, capacitors,
inductors, and op-amps. Examples of linear circuits include
amplifiers, differentiators, integrators, and linear electronic
filters.
Nonlinear circuits
• They can also contain diodes, transistors, and iron core
inductors and transformers when the core is saturated.
Examples of nonlinear circuits include mixers, modulators,
rectifiers, radio receiver detectors, and digital logic circuits.
 Superposition Theorem

• “In any linear and bilateral network or circuit having multiple independent
sources, the response of an element will be equal to the algebraic sum of the
responses of that element by considering one source at a time.”
 Keep in Mind While Using The
Superposition Theorem
• replacing the voltage source with a short circuit. While removing
a voltage source, its value is set to zero.
• When removing a current source, its value is set to infinite. This is
done by replacing the current source with an open circuit.
• It should be noted that the superposition theorem does not apply to
power, as power is not a linear quantity.
 How to Apply Superposition
Theorem?
• The first step is to select one among the multiple sources present in
the bilateral network. Among the various sources in the circuit, any
one of the sources can be considered first.
• Except for the selected source, all the sources must be replaced by
their internal impedance.
• Using a network simplification approach, evaluate the current flowing
through or the voltage drop across a particular element in the
network.
• The same considering a single source is repeated for all the other
sources in the circuit.
• Upon obtaining the respective response for individual sources,
perform the summation of all responses to get the overall voltage
drop or current through the circuit element.
Example 1: Find the current flowing through
20 Ω using the superposition theorem.
 Continued….
• Step 1: First, let us find the current flowing through a
circuit by considering only the 20 V voltage source. The
current source can be open-circuited, hence, the modified
circuit diagram is shown in the following figure.
 Superposition Theorem
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3 UQ-15 MARKS

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Sol:
Note: Resistor connected in series with current source and resistor connected in
parallel with voltage source are useless.

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 Thevenin’s Theorem

VTH = Open circuit voltage across ab (After removing

load)
RTH = Equivalent resistance across ab (After
removing load. Kill the source also)

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3 Find the current flowing through 50 Ω resistor using Thevenin’s Theorem
UQ-15 MARKS

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 UQ-12 Marks
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8 Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor using Thevenin’s Theorem

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10 Using Thevenin’s Theorem, find the current flowing through 5 Ω resistor

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Step 2: To find VTH

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 Step 3: To find RTH

Step 4: Sub 2 & 3 in 1

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Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem

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 UQ-15 MARKS

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Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage method or KCL
Method
1. Find the current flowing through all resistors using Nodal Analysis

Solution:

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Nodal Analysis with current sources
UQ-JAN- 15 Marks

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RMS and average value of half wave rectified sine wave
RMS value

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RMS and average value of half wave rectified sine wave
Average value

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RMS and average value of full wave rectified sine wave

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UQ 8Marks

Also find the voltage across R, L and C

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UQ 8Marks

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END OF UNIT 1

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Additional Problems (Solved and unsolved)

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