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Cellular Respiration

The document discusses cellular respiration in plants and animals, detailing the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It explains the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting their energy production and by-products. Additionally, it contrasts aerobic and anaerobic respiration, noting their similarities and differences, as well as the role of anaerobic respiration in industrial applications.

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7 views

Cellular Respiration

The document discusses cellular respiration in plants and animals, detailing the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It explains the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting their energy production and by-products. Additionally, it contrasts aerobic and anaerobic respiration, noting their similarities and differences, as well as the role of anaerobic respiration in industrial applications.

Uploaded by

manchidibasetsana83
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIFE PROCESSES IN

PLANTS & ANIMALS


CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Terminology
Aerobic respiration: type of cellular respiration that can only take
place when oxygen is available.

Anaerobic respiration: type of cellular respiration that takes place


when oxygen is not available.

Glycolysis: stage of cellular respiration which involves the


phosphorylation of energy-rich compounds.

Combustion: chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly


with oxygen to produce heat and light.

Alcoholic fermentation: anaerobic break down of organic


compounds by living cells.

Predict: say what you think will happen.

Identify: find, name and mention

Suggest: give ideas, solutions or reasons for something


Apply: use your knowledge on a topic to address a problem or
situation; often in case studies you have to apply what you
have learnt to the case study as a particular example.

Process of Cellular Respiration


 With water and carbon dioxide as raw materials, green plants use
radiant energy to manufacture starch during photosynthesis.
 When consumers eat these plants, the starch is digested during
nutrition to form glucose.
 This glucose is absorbed into the cells of the body and then
gradually broken down during cellular respiration to release energy
in the form of ATP.
 Water and carbon dioxide are released as by-products.
 Oxygen is usually required for cellular respiration.
 In humans, oxygen-rich air enters the lungs through breathing.
 As a result of gas exchange at the lungs, transport by the blood
and gas exchange at the tissues, oxygen is made available to the
cells for cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration

Is the chemical process where glucose is broken down gradually, in the


presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen, to release energy

Importance of Energy

• Growth
• Cell division
• Movement
• Transport of substances
• Active transport
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Takes place:
• In the presence of oxygen
• Inside the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells

The Mitochondria.
Adaptations of the mitochondria for Cellular Respiration

 Outer membrane is smooth thus allowing for easy movement of the


mitochondria through the cytoplasm
 Outer membrane is permeable to oxygen and pyruvic acid that is
required for the last two phases of cellular respiration
 Inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae that increase the
surface area for attachment of enzymes
 Lumen/matrix contains DNA and ribosomes for the manufacture of
enzymes that are required for cellular respiration
Glycolysis

• Takes place outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm of the cell


• No oxygen is required during this stage
• Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, releasing a small
amount of energy that is stored in energy-rich ATP molecules
• Releases high energy hydrogen ions that are used during oxidative
phosphorylation

Krebs Cycle

• Can only take place if oxygen is present


• Occurs inside the mitochondrion
• Releases carbon dioxide and high energy hydrogen ions
• Transport hydrogen atoms to the oxidative phosphorylation stage
via hydrogen carrier enzymes (NAD NADH)
Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Takes place inside the mitochondrion and requires oxygen


• Passes high energy hydrogen atoms from one hydrogen carrier
enzyme to the next, releasing energy in the process
• Uses released energy to combine a phosphate molecule to an ADP
to form ATP – phosphorylation
• Oxygen acts as a final hydrogen acceptor binding with the hydrogen
forming water, which is released as a waste product of cellular
respiration
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Anaerobic respiration/fermentation differs from aerobic respiration:
 Breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen
 Does not break down glucose completely but into intermediate
substances such as alcohol or lactic acid
 Releases far less energy (net gain of 2 ATP’s)

Anaerobic respiration in Animals

Glucose lactic acid + energy


C6H12O6 C3H6O3 + ATP

Anaerobic respiration in Plants and Yeasts

Glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy


C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 +ATP
Anaerobic Respiration in Animals

• Is known as lactic acid fermentation


• Occurs in muscles during intense exercise
• Enables glycolysis in the cytoplasm of animal cells
• Results in the accumulation of lactic acid causing the muscles to
become tired and painful
• Produces only a small amount of ATP

The lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvic acid when the
muscles receive oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration in Plants

• Is known as alcoholic fermentation


• Enables glycolysis in the cytoplasm of cells
• Results in the accumulation of pyruvic acid
• Breaks down pyruvic acid forming ethanol and releasing CO 2
• Glucose ATP = pyruvic acid ethanol + carbon dioxide
ROLE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN INDUSTRY

• Cheese and yoghurt production


• Beer and Wine
• Yeast is used in the rising of bread
AEROBIC VERSUS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Similarities
 Glucose is required in both processes
 Carbon dioxide is released as a by-product
 ATP is formed as the main product in both types of respiration

Differences
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Requires glucose & oxygen Requires glucose, no oxygen

Releases more energy – net gain Releases less energy – net gain of
of 36’s ATP’s 2 ATP’s since glucose is not
completely broken down
By-products are carbon dioxide By-products are alcohol and
and water carbon dioxide in plants and lactic
acid in humans

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