1.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies

Adama Science and Technology
University
Chapter Three
Artificial Intelligence

05/01/2025 ASTU-2014 1
Topics Covered
1. Definitions of AI
2. Introduction of AI
3. Examples of Technologies that uses AI
4. Basic Components of AI
5. History of AI
6. Types of AI
7. Three types of learning that AI does
8. Branches of AI
9. Applications of AI
10. AI Tools
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1. Definitions of AI
 Systems that think like humans
 Systems that think rationally
 Systems that act like humans
 Systems that act rationally
 The term "Artificial Intelligence" refers to
the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer
systems. It also includes Expert systems,
voice recognition, machine
vision, and natural language processing
(NLP). 3
2. Introduction of Artificial Intelligence?
 “is it possible to build a machine that has intelligence, specifically a
human level of intelligence?”
 Artificial Intelligence is
 “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs.”
 “About algorithms enabled by constraints exposed by representations
that support models targeted at thinking, perception and action.”
 “The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks
normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. “

AI programming focuses on three cognitive aspects, such as

learning, reasoning, and self-correction.
 Learning Processes
 Reasoning Processes
 Self-correction Processes

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AI Introduction Cont’d
AI is the creation of a computer program
that can learn to think and function on its
own, kind of like robots that don’t need to be
told what to do all the time.
Most advanced AI systems use machine
learning technology to analyze current
conditions and learn from experience.

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3. Examples of Technologies that used AI
 Examples of technologies that uses AI
 Machine Learning
 Machine Automation
 Virtual Reality
 Cloud Computing
 Augmented Reality
 Neural Networks
 Big Data
 Internet of Things
 Computer Vision
Popular successful Applications of AI
 Robotics Google Maps and Ride-Hailing Applications.
 Face Detection and recognition.
 Text Editors and Autocorrect.
 Chatbots.
 E-Payments.
 Search and Recommendation algorithms.
 Digital Assistant.
 Social media. 6
4. Basic components of AI
1. Learning
2. Reasoning
3. Problem
4. Solving
5. Perception
6. Language
Understanding
7. Knowledge
Representation

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 Components of AI system contd..

1. Applications: Image recognition, Speech

recognition, Chatbots, Natural language
generation, and Sentiment analysis.
2. Types of Models: Deep learning, Machine
learning, and Neural Networks.
3. Software/Hardware for training and
running models: Graphic Processing Units
(GPUs), Parallel processing tools (like
Spark), Cloud data storage and computer
platforms.

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Components of AI system contd..
4. Programming languages for building
models: Python, TensorFlow, Java, and C/C ++,
etc.

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5. History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI
was coined by John McCarthy.
The advent of general purpose computers
provided a vehicle for creating artificially
intelligent entities.
Used for solving general-purpose problems

Which one is preferred?

General purpose problem solving systems
Domain specific systems
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AI History Cont’d
Year Description
1956 The term “artificial intelligence” is coined by John
McCharty at a Dartmouth conference and AI is
founded as an academic discipline
1956–1974 The golden years of AI enjoy government funding
in promising, logic-based problem-solving
approaches.
1974–1980 Overly high expectations coupled with the limited
capacities of AI programs leads to the first “AI
winter”, with reduced funding and interest in AI
research.
1980–1987 The rise of knowledge-based expert systems brings
new successes and a change in the focus of
research and funding toward this form of AI.
1987–1993 The second “AI winter” starts with the sudden
collapse of the specialized hardware industry in
1987. The AI hype brings with it negative
perceptions by governments and investors, as
expert systems show their limitations and prove
expensive to update and maintain. 11
AI History Cont’d
1993–2011 Optimism about AI returns and increases. New
successes are marked with the help of increased
computational power and AI becomes data-driven.
In 1997, IBM’s DeepBlue beats world champion
Gary Kasparov at chess.
In 2002, Amazon uses automated systems to
provide recommendations.

In 2011, Apple releases Siri and IBM Watson beats

two human champions at the TV quiz Jeopardy.

2012–today Increased availability of data, connectedness and

computational power allow for breakthroughs in
machine learning, mainly in neural networks and
deep learning, heralding a new era of increased
funding and optimism about the AI potential.
In 2012, Google driverless cars navigate
autonomously and in 2016 Google AlphaGo beats
a world champion in the complicated board game
Go.
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 6. Types of AI
Based on the level of intelligence embedded
into a machine AI is divided into three. The
following three stages through which AI can
evolve
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI
or Narrow AI
2. Artificial General Intelligence (General
AI or Strong AI)
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (Super AI)

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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI or
Narrow AI)
 a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence.
 The most common and currently available.
 It is only trained for one specific task, cannot perform
beyond its field or limitations
Example of narrow AI
 Playing chess,
 Purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
 Self-driving cars,
 Speech recognition, and
 Image recognition.
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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
2. Artificial General Intelligence (General
AI or Strong AI)
 A type of intelligence which could perform
any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
 The idea is to make a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
 General AI systems are still under research.

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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (Super AI)
 a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence,
and can perform any task better than human
with cognitive properties.
 an outcome of general AI.
 Characteristics of strong AI include the ability
to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make
judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by
its own.
 Development of such systems in real is still
world changing task.
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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
Based on capabilities
1. Reactive Machines: Purely reactive
machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence. Such AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for future
actions. These machines only focus on current
scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
IBM's Deep Blue system and Google’s AlphaGo
is an example of reactive machines.

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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
2. Limited Memory: Limited memory machines
can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time. These machines can use
stored data for a limited time period only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples
of Limited Memory systems. These cars can
store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance
of other cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.

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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
3. Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI should
understand the human emotions, people, beliefs,
and be able to interact socially like humans. This
type of AI machines are still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.
Sophia – the humanoid robot is one example of
such effort where a number of young
Ethiopians have contributed on the
development.[

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Types of Learning in AI Cont’d
4. Self–Awareness: Self-awareness AI is the
future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines
will be super intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality
still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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7. Three types of Learning that AI does
1. Supervised Learning: The machine has a
“teacher” who guides it by providing sample
inputs along with the desired output. The
machine then maps the inputs and the outputs.
This is similar to how we teach very young
children with picture books. According to Yann
LeCun, all of the AI machines we have today
have used this form of learning (from speech
recognition to self-driving cars).

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Three types of Learning that AI does
contd…
2. Unsupervised Learning: This is the most
important and most difficult type of learning
and would be better titled Predictive Learning.
In this case the machine is not given any labels
for its inputs and needs to “figure out” the
structure on its own. This is similar to how
babies learn early in life. For example they
learn that if an object in space is not supported
it will fall

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Three types of Learning that AI does
contd…
3.Reinforcement Learning: Yann LeCun
believes this plays a relatively minor role in
training AI and is similar to training an animal.
When the animal displays a desired behavior it
is given a reward. reinforcement learning is
defined as “
a computer program interacts with a dyna
mic environment in which it must perform
a certain goal (such as driving a vehicle),
without a teacher explicitly telling it wheth
er it has come close to its goal
.“
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Other learning problems
Hybrid Learning Problems
 4. Semi-Supervised Learning
 5. Self-Supervised Learning
 6. Multi-Instance Learning
Statistical Inference
 7. Inductive Learning
 8. Deductive Inference
 9. Transductive Learning
Learning Techniques
 10. Multi-Task Learning
 11. Active Learning
 12. Online Learning
 13. Transfer Learning
 14. Ensemble Learning
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8. Major Branches of AI

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9. Applications of AI

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Applications of AI Contd..
 Robotics
 Industrial Robots
 Hand Writing Recognition
 Machine Translation
 Virtual Assistance
 Autonomous Driving
 AI in Military (Army)

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Many other AI applications

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 Applications of AI Contd..
Currently, AI is being applied across several
industries. But we cannot say that AI is
replacing humans but it is certainly making
the work of human beings more efficient.
1. Agriculture
AI technologies are being used to yield healthier
crops, control pests, monitor soil and growing
conditions, organize data for farmers, help with
workload, and improve a wide range of
agriculture-related tasks in the entire food
supply chain.
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AI Applications Cont’d
Agricultural Robots
Companies are developing and programming
autonomous robots to handle essential
agricultural tasks such as harvesting crops at
a higher volume and faster pace than human
laborers.
Examples of AI applications in the agriculture
sector.
See & Spray Robot
Harvest CROO Robotics
Crop and Soil Monitoring
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Applications of AI Cont’d
2. Health
AI applications are revolutionizing how the
health sector works to reduce spending and
improve patient outcomes.
Companies are applying machine learning to
make better and faster diagnoses than
humans.
One of the best known healthcare
technologies is IBM Watson.
Other AI applications include chatbots.

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AI applications Cont’d.
Personal Health Virtual Assistant
Examples of AI applications in the health sector.
Dip.io
Apple Watch
Medical Imaging Analysis
IBM Watson analysis
IDx software
Precision Medicine
Healthcare Bots
Operational applications of AI

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AI Applications Cont’d
3. Business (Emerging market)
Artificial Intelligence has enormous potential
to augment human intelligence and to radically
alter how we access products and services,
gather information, make products, and
interact.
In emerging markets, AI offers an opportunity
to lower costs and barriers to entry for
businesses and deliver innovative business
models that can leapfrog traditional solutions
and reach the underserved.
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AI Applications in Business
Examples of AI applications in the Business
sector.
Improve Customer Services
Automate Workloads
Optimize Logistics
Increase Manufacturing Output and Efficiency
Prevent Outages
Predict Performance
Predict Behavior
Manage and Analyze Data
Improve Marketing and Advertising
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AI in Education
4. Education
The increasing adoption of the AI technology
for various applications in the education sector.
AI can automate grading, giving educators
more time, and can also assess students and
adapt to their needs, helping them work at
their own pace. AI tutors can provide
additional support to students, ensuring they
stay on track.

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AI in Education Cont’d
Examples of AI applications in the Education
sector.
Administrative Tasks Automation
Smart Content
Smart Tutors and Personalization
Virtual Lectures and Learning
Environment
Teachers’ Support
Students’ Communication

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AI Tools
 Scikit Learn SYMANTEC ENDPOINT
 TensorFlow PROTECTION
 PyTorch Specialty: Cybersecurity
 CNTK OUTMATCH
 Caffe(Coding) Specialty: Recruiting
TABLEAU
 Apache MXNet
Specialty: Business intelligence
 Keras
SALESFORCE
 OpenNN(S/w Devp) Specialty: Business intelligence
 AutoML ORACLE AI
 H2OAI(Specialty: Specialty: Software development
(Business intelligence) SAS
ZIA BY ZOHO Specialty: Business Intelligence
THEANO
Specialty: Business
Specialty: Code development
intelligence
 TIMEHERO
TELLIUS
Specialty: Business intelligence
Specialty: Scheduling GONG.IO
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Specialty: Sales
Programming language is used for AI?

 Python
 Java
 Lisp
R
 Prolog

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Review Questions
1. What do you understand by Artificial Intelligence?
2. Give some real-world applications of AI.
3. How Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
differ from each other?
4. What are the types of AI?
5. What are the different domains/Subsets of AI?
6. What is Strong AI, and how is it different from the Weak AI?
7. Where does Artificial Intelligence go from here?
8. What are the different types of Learning/ Training models in ML?
9. What is the main key difference between supervised and
unsupervised machine learning?
10. What Are The Branches Of Ai?
11. What Are The Various Areas Where Ai (artificial Intelligence)
Can Be Used?
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End of Chapter Three!

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