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The Four Basics of the Computer Period

The document outlines the evolution of computing technology through four distinct ages: the Pre-Mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, Electromechanical Age, and Electronic Age. It highlights key developments such as writing systems, the invention of the printing press, the creation of the telegraph and telephone, and the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors and microprocessors. Each age marks significant advancements in communication and computation, leading to the modern computers we use today.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views31 pages

The Four Basics of the Computer Period

The document outlines the evolution of computing technology through four distinct ages: the Pre-Mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, Electromechanical Age, and Electronic Age. It highlights key developments such as writing systems, the invention of the printing press, the creation of the telegraph and telephone, and the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors and microprocessors. Each age marks significant advancements in communication and computation, leading to the modern computers we use today.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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THE FOUR BASICS OF

THE COMPUTER
PERIOD
GROUP 3
KYLE ABUDE NINA FAITH DALOGDOG

KASHIEA PAELMA

ADRIEL SULADAY KIRSTEN JARDIN


PRE-MECHANICAL AGE (3000 B.C-1450
A.D)
1.) Writing and Alphabets - (Communication)

 First humans communicated only through speaking and


picture drawings.

 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today


southern Iraq) devised cuneiform

 Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols

 The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added


vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the
alphabet we use today.
2.) Paper and Pens-(Input Technologies)

 Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could


scratch marks in wet clay.

 About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus


plant

 around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags,


on which modern-day papermaking is based
3.) Books and Libraries-(Permanent
Storage Devices)

 Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the


earliest "books“

 The Egyptians kept scrolls

 Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold


sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind
them together.
4.) The First Numbering Systems

 Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 are vertical


lines, the number 10 is a U or circle, the number
100 is a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 is a
lotus blossom.

 The first numbering systems similar to those in


use today were invented between 100 and 200
A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit
numbering system.

 Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was


developed.
5.) The First Calculators: The Abacus

One of the very first information processors.


Mechanical Age

 The Mechanical Age, from 1450 to 1840, is when we began to see


how our modern technology is linked to earlier inventions. This
time saw a burst of new technologies because people became very
interested in computation and information.
1. The First Information 2.The First General Purpose
Explosion "Computers

● Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, ● People who held the job title “computer:
Germany) invented the movable one who works with numbers “
metal-type printing press in 1450.
● John Napier
● The development of book indexes
and the widespread use of page In 1617, he employ an ancient numerical
numbers. scheme as the Arabian lattice, lays out a
special version of the multiplication tables
on a set of four-sided wooded rods, allowing
● The first book to ever be printed was
users to multiply and divide numbers and
a Latin language Bible, printed in perform square roots and cube roots.
Mainz, Germany. It is called the NAPIER’S BONES
3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and
Leibniz's Machine
● The Pascaline
● Slide Rule
- Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English - Invented by Blaise Pascal, French Mathematician
- One of the first mechanical computing machines
Mathematician, invented the slide rule
Early example of an analog computer. around 1642
- Made out of clock gears and levers and could
● First Mechanical Calculator solve basic mathematical problems like addition
- Wilhelm Shickard invented it. It can work and subtraction
with six digits and carries digits across ● Leibniz’s Machine
columns. It works but never makes it
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, German mathematician
beyond the prototype stage.
and philosopher invented the Machine called stepped
reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers
yielding up to 16 digit numbers
4. Babbage Engines
- Charles Babbage, English Mathematician (Father
of Computer).
- He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this
design that the basic framework of computers of
today are based on. 6. Augusta Ada Byron
- Difference Engine was a working model creates
- The Countess of Lovelace
in 1822 - Also known as Ada Lovelace, the
5. Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom
first programmer
- Design during the 1830's - The programming language Ada
is named in her honor.
- Parts remarkable similar to modern-day
computers
● The store
● The mill
● Punch cards
ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-
1940)

• The discovery of ways to harness electricity was


the key advance made during this period

• Knowledge and information could now be


converted into electrical impulses.

• The BEGINNINGS OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
VOLTAIC BATTERY [end of 18th century]

created by Alessandro Volta TELEPHONE [1876]


•a reliable method of creating & storing energy
•a whole new method of communicating information created by Alexander Graham Bell, the Telephone
was one of the most popular forms of
communication
TELEGRAPH [early 1800s]
This creation has 2 parts
the first major invention to use electricity for
communication purposes 1.Transmitter (3 parts)
•transmits information over great distances with great 2.a drum-like device
speed 3.a needle
4.a battery
MORSE CODE [1835]
2.Receiver
created by Samuel Morse, the Morse Code system broke The telephone works by speaking into the drum-like
down information (the alphabet) into bits (dots & dashes) device to cause vibration to the paper and the needle.
that could then be transformed into electrical impulses The vibrations are converted into an electric current
and transmitted over a wire. which travels along the wire to the receiver.
PUNCH-CARD TABULATION MACHINE SYSTEM
[1884]

created by Herman Hollerith, this machine


automatically sorts census cards into several
categories using electrical sensing devices to “read”
the punched holes in each card and count millions of
census cards and categorize the population into
relevant groups. ← from this, the
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE
CORPORATION (IBM) was developed.
The creation of the telephone was followed by the
discover that electrical waves travel through
space and can produce an effect far from the
point which they originated.
The 2 events led to the invention of ⬇️

RADIO [1896]

a successful wireless telegraph that was created by


Guglielmo Marconi.
•it is a form of sound communication and mass
media that uses radio waves to transmit music,
news, and other content from a single broadcast
station to a large number of listeners who have been
provided with radio receivers.

MARK I [1939-1944]

in collaboration with IBM, Howard Aiken created a


machine that uses paper tape to supply instructions
(programs) to the machine for manipulating data,
counters to store numbers, and electromechanical
relays to help register results.
ELECTRONIC AGE

The Electronic Period, starting from around the 1940s


and continuing to the present, is defined by the use of
electronic components in the development of computers.
This period has seen rapid advancements in
computational technology
1. Vacuum Tubes (1940s - 1950s)

The first phase of the electronic period was dominated


by the use of vacuum tubes. These devices were used
as switches and amplifiers in the early electronic
computers. The vacuum tube, although large and
inefficient by modern standards, represented a huge
leap forward from the electromechanical systems of
the previous era.

2. Transistors (1950s - 1960s)

The invention of the transistor in 1947 revolutionized


computing technology. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes,
allowing computers to become much smaller, faster, and
more reliable. Transistor-based machines marked the
beginning of the second phase of the electronic period.
3. Integrated Circuits (1960s - 1970s)

The next breakthrough in electronic computing came


with the development of the integrated circuit (IC). ICs
allowed for the combination of multiple transistors into a
single chip, further reducing the size of computers while
drastically increasing their power and efficiency

4. Microprocessors (1970s - Present)

The invention of the microprocessor in the early 1970s


signaled the beginning of the modern era of computing.
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