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DEEP FOUNDATIONS

The document provides an overview of deep foundations, defining them as structures that transfer loads to deeper soil or rock layers, typically beyond 3 meters. It discusses the necessity of deep foundations for stability in weak soils, their various types like basements, caissons, and pile foundations, and compares them with shallow foundations in terms of cost, construction complexity, and load transfer mechanisms. Key advantages and disadvantages of both foundation types are also highlighted.

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Gini Mwiinga
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5 views23 pages

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

The document provides an overview of deep foundations, defining them as structures that transfer loads to deeper soil or rock layers, typically beyond 3 meters. It discusses the necessity of deep foundations for stability in weak soils, their various types like basements, caissons, and pile foundations, and compares them with shallow foundations in terms of cost, construction complexity, and load transfer mechanisms. Key advantages and disadvantages of both foundation types are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Gini Mwiinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deep Foundations

Foundations
• It is defined as
• that part of the structure that transfers the load from the structure
constructed on it as well as its weight over a large area of soil in such a way
that the amount does not exceed the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and
the settlement of the whole structure remains within a tolerable limit.
• Foundation is the part of a structure on which the building stands.
• The solid ground on which it rests is known as foundation bed.
Why a Foundation is Provided
• Foundation should fulfil the following objectives:
• Distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of
soil.
• Avoid unequal settlement.
• Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
• Increase structural stability.
Foundation Systems
Why There are Different Types
of Foundations
• There are different types of soil, and the bearing capacity of the soil is
different for each type of soil. Depending on the soil profile, size, and
load of the structure, engineers chose different kinds of foundation.
: Sources Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Foundation which is placed near the surface of the earth or


1 Definition transfers the loads at shallow depth is called a shallow Foundation which is placed at a greater depth or transfers the
foundation. loads to deep strata is called the deep foundation.

The depth of The depth of shallow foundation is generally less than 3


2 the foundation meters or the depth of foundation is less than the footing Greater than the shallow foundation.
width.

Deep foundations are generally more expensive than shallow


3 Cost A shallow foundation is cheaper. foundations.
The construction process of a deep foundation is more
4 Feasibility Shallow foundations are easier to construct. complex.

5 Mechanism of Shallow foundations transfer loads mostly by end bearing. Deep foundations rely both on end bearing and skin friction,
load transfer with few exceptions like end-bearing pile.

Construction materials are available, less labor is needed, Foundation can be provided at a greater depth, Provides
6 Advantages lateral support and resists uplift, effective when foundation at
construction procedure is simple at an affordable cost, etc. shallow depth is not possible, can carry a huge load, etc.

More expensive, needs skilled labors, complex construction


7 Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement, usually applicable for lightweight procedures, can be time-consuming and some types of deep
structure, weak against lateral loads, etc. foundations are not very flexible, etc.

8 Types Isolated foundation, strip foundation, mat foundation, Pier foundation, pile foundation, caissons etc.
combined foundation, etc.
Why deep foundations
• Deep foundation is required to
• carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills
• on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth,
• or for functional reasons.
• Deep foundations are founded too deeply below the finished ground
surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface
conditions,
• this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level.
• Deep foundation can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper,
more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near
the surface.
The types of deep foundations in
general use
• Basements
• Buoyancy rafts (hollow box foundations)
• Caissons
• Pile foundations
Basement foundation
• These are hollow substructures designed to provide working or
storage space below ground level.
• The structural design is governed by their functional requirements
rather than from considerations of the most efficient method of
resisting external earth and hydrostatic pressures.
• They are constructed in place in open excavations.
Basement Foundations
Buoyancy Rafts (Hollow Box
Foundations)
• Buoyancy rafts are hollow substructures designed to provide a
buoyant or semi-buoyant substructure beneath which the net loading
on the soil is reduced to the desired low intensity.
• Buoyancy rafts can be designed to be sunk as caissons, they can also
be constructed in place in open excavations.
Raft Foundations
• Solid slab rafts,
• Slab beam rafts,
• Cellular rafts,
• Piled raft foundations; and,
• Balancing (or floating) rafts.
Solid slab raft
Solid slab raft
Slab and beam raft
Cellular Raft
Caissons Foundations

• Caissons are hollow substructures designed to be constructed on or


near the surface and then sunk as a single unit to their required level.
• Caisson foundation is a watertight retaining structure used as a bridge
pier, construction of the dam, etc. It is generally used in structures
that require foundation beneath a river or similar water bodies. The
reason for choosing the caisson is that it can be floated to the desired
location and then sunk into place.
Types of Caissons
• There are several types of caisson foundations.
• Box Caissons.
• Floating Caissons.
• Pneumatic Caissons.
• Open Caissons.
• Sheeted Caissons.
• Excavated Caissons.
• Caisson foundations are economic when:
• The pile cap requirement is to be minimized.
• Noise and vibration needed to be reduced.
• It has to be placed beneath water bodies.
• Highly lateral and axial loading capacity is required.
Floating and pneumatic caissons
Box and open caissons
Detailed notes
• https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-
engineering/161-types-of-foundation

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