Forces & Circular Motion
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DhanBahadurForces & Circular Motion
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DhanBahadurFORCES
&
CIRCULAR MOTION
Forces ► Acceleration ► Ideas Map
Forces Newton
Balanced Unbalanced
Constant Velocity Acceleration F = ma
eg 0 m/s or 10 m/s eg 2 m/s2 or 9 m/s2
Forces ► Acceleration ► Horizontal
Acceleration No Acceleration Yes
Speed ? Speed ?
Direction ? Direction ?
Forces ► Acceleration ► Vertical
Acceleration No Acceleration Yes
Speed ? Speed ?
Direction ? Direction ?
Forces ► Acceleration ► Constant Motion
STOP
Balanced: 0 km/h Balanced: 60 km/h
• Balanced forces will have no effect on the movement of an object:
• It will remain stationary or,
• If it is already moving it will continue to move at the same speed and
in the same direction.
Forces ► Acceleration ► Balanced
Forces
• The forces acting on an object may cancel each other out
(balance).
• When an object rests on a surface:
• The weight of the object exerts a downward force on the
surface
• The surface exerts an upwards force on the object
• The sizes of the two forces are the same
Forces ► Acceleration ► Unbalanced Forces
• If the forces acting on an object do not cancel each other out…
• An unbalanced force will act on the object.
Forces ► Acceleration ► Scenarios
• A stationary object
will start to move in
the direction of the
unbalanced force
• An object moving in
the direction of the
force will speed up
• An object moving in
the opposite
direction to the force
will slow down
Forces ► Acceleration ► Size of
Resultant Force
VELOCITY
VELOCITY
VELOCITY
• The greater the force, the greater the acceleration.
Forces ► Acceleration ► Effect of Mass
• The bigger the mass of an object…
• The greater the force needed to give the object a
particular acceleration.
Forces ► Acceleration ► Newton
3
Speed (m/s)
2
1
1 kg
0
0 1 2 3
Time (sec)
• One newton is the force needed to give a mass of one kilogram
an acceleration of one metre per second squared.
• Force, mass and acceleration are related as shown:
Force = Mass x Acceleration
F = m x a
100 Newton = 2 Kg x 50 m/s2
Forces ► Acceleration ► Falling Objects
4 kg
2 kg
1 kg
Forces ► Acceleration ► Falling Objects II
•Acceleration = Force (Weight) ÷ Mass
x Gravity (10 N/kg)
40 N
20 N
10 N
a= = = = 10 m/s2
1 kg
2 kg
4 kg
• Therefore, all objects fall at the same speed
irrespective of mass
• (if we ignore air resistance, Friction)
Forces ► Acceleration ► Effect of Friction
• Air Friction changes the situation
• Acceleration = Resultant Force (Weight – Friction) ÷
Mass
• Friction makes some of the weight effectively
unavailable.
-5N
40 N -5N
20 N
-5N
≠ ≠
1 kg
2 kg
4 kg
Forces ► Acceleration ► Effect of Friction
• If area changes, friction changes (eg Larger Parachute)
• Acceleration = Resultant Force (Weight – Friction) ÷ Mass
• Friction makes some of the weight effectively unavailable.
-5N - 10 N - 15 N
40 N 40 N 40 N
≠ ≠
4 kg 4 kg 4 kg
Forces ► Acceleration ► Equal and
Opposite
• Whenever two bodies interact…
• The forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.
Forces ► Acceleration ► Unbalanced
Forces
• If the surface is not strong enough… we have a problem.
Forces ► Friction ► Ideas Map
Friction
Fluids Solid
Brakes
Air Water
Reaction Braking
Friction = Weight
Stopping
Terminal Velocity
Forces ► Friction ► Types
• A force of friction acts
• When an object moves through air or water
• When solid surfaces slide (or tend to slide) across each other.
Forces ► Friction ► Effects
friction
• The direction of this force of friction is always opposite to the
direction in which the object or surface is moving.
• Friction causes objects to heat up and to wear away at their
surfaces.
• The friction between solid surfaces is used in brakes which slow
down and stop moving vehicles.
Forces ► Friction ► Braking
SPEED
TIME
• The greater the speed of a vehicle:
• The greater the braking force needed to stop it in a certain distance
• The greater the distance needed to stop it with a certain braking force
Forces ► Friction ► Skidding
• If too great a braking force is applied…
• Friction between a vehicle's tyres and the road surface may not be great enough to prevent
skidding.
Forces ► Circular ► Ideas Map
Moving Object
No force Following Opposing Right Angled
No change Acceleration Deceleration Circular Motion
Forces ► Circular ► ‘Natural’ motion
Object travelling in a straight line
Object staying put
• Left to there own devices objects travel in straight lines or
stay put
• This is basically what Newton first law states:
• Motion is constant unless an unbalanced force acts
Forces ► Circular ► Centripetal
• When an object
moves in a circle at a
steady speed, the
direction of its motion
is constantly changing.
• A force towards the
centre of the circle (a
centripetal force) is
needed to produce
this constant change
in velocity.
Forces ► Circular ► Conditions
More Mass More Speed Smaller Radius
• The centripetal force needed is greater if:
• The greater the mass of the object
• The greater the speed of the object
• The smaller the radius of the circle
Forces ► Circular ► Contact and
Field
• Force can be applied directly or
• Forces can be applied at a distance by field forces such as
gravity
