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Primitive Graphics

This document discusses graphics primitives and display files. It describes how display files store graphics commands in the form of operation codes and coordinate operands. A display file interpreter converts these instructions into actual images on different display devices by using normalized device coordinates. Algorithms are provided for adding points to the display file, retrieving points from the file, and interpreting the file to generate graphics output.

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Sharvari Kapdi
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2K views

Primitive Graphics

This document discusses graphics primitives and display files. It describes how display files store graphics commands in the form of operation codes and coordinate operands. A display file interpreter converts these instructions into actual images on different display devices by using normalized device coordinates. Algorithms are provided for adding points to the display file, retrieving points from the file, and interpreting the file to generate graphics output.

Uploaded by

Sharvari Kapdi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES

DISPLAY DEVICES PRIMITIVE OPERATIONS DISPLAY FILE INTERPRETER

NORMALISED DEVICED COORDINATES


DISPLAY FILE STRUCTRURE AND ALGORITHMS TEXT AND LINE STYLE PRIMITIVES

PRESENTED BY
NAME TULIKA BHARDWAJ SHARVARI KAPDI MANOJ SHRIWASTAVA ROHIT KOUL ROLL NO 04 19 48 22

PRIMITIVE OPERATIONS
Graphics system offer a similar set of graphics primitive commands. The first primitive command we shall consider is that for drawing s line segment.

COMMANDS:

LINE-ABS-2(X,Y)
LINE-REL-2(DX,DY) MOVE-ABS-2(X,Y) MOVE-REL-2(DX,DY)

DISPLAY FILE INTERPRETER

It contain the information necessary to construct the picture. The information will be in the form of instructions such as draw a line or move a line. Each instructions indicates a MOVE or a LINE, action for the display device.

We use display file interpreter to convert these instructions into actual images.

DISPLAY FILE AND INTERPRETER

USER PROGRAM

DISPLAY FILE

INTERPRETE R

DISPLAY

FEATURES:

Portability Interpreter converts standard display instructions to the actions of the particular device. Such files of imaging instructions are called as metafiles

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Create a display file for the following images display device having dimensions Xmin=10,Ymin=7,Xmax=35,Ymax=42
(5,10) (22,10) (16,15) (15,18) (5,18) (13,31) (29,31) Xmax,Ymax (32,15)

Xmin,Ymin

NORMALIZED DEVICE COORDINATES:

Different display devices may have different screen sizes as measured in pixel.
The device independent units are called normalized device coordinates. In these units the screen measures 1 unit wide and 1 unit height.

(0,1)

(1,1)

(0,0)

(1,0)

CONTD:

Suppose that for the actual display the index of the leftmost pixel is WIDTH-START and there are WIDTH pixels in the horizontal direction.
Suppose also that the bottommost pixel is HEIGHTSTART and the number of pixels in the vertical direction is HEIGHT

CALCULATING ACTUAL COORDINATES

For horizontal dirction: Xs=WIDTH* Xn +WIDTH -START For vertical direction: Ys =HEIGHT*Yn+HEIGHT- START

UNIVERSITY QUESTION:

Represent the given image in normalized coordinates. Consider the current boundary parameters of the screen be Xmin=10,Ymin=10,Xmax=250,Ymax=250
(100,80)

(50,100) (70,100)

(130,100)

(150,100)

(70,200)

(130,200)

DISPLAY FILE STRUCTURE


Each display file consists of two parts.
o
o

Operation code (opcode) :- It indicates what type of command it is (e.g. LINE or MOVE). Operand :- They represent the coordinates of a point (x,y).

To store the instruction we use three separate arrays.

One for the operation code (DF-OP). One for the X- coordinate (DF-X). One for the Y- coordinate (DF-Y).

The Display must be large enough to hold all the commands needed to create our image.

ALGORITHM PUT-POINT(OP ,X ,Y)


Place an instruction into the display file Arguments OP , X,Y the instruction to be entered Global DF-OP,DF-X,DF-Y, the three display file arrays. FREE the position of the next free cell. Constant DFSIZE the length of the display-file arrays. Begin IF FREE> DFSIZE THEN RETURN ERROR DISPLAY-FILE FULL;

DF-OP[FREE]<- OP; DF-X[FREE]<-X; DF-Y[FREE]<-Y; FREE<-FREE+1; RETURN; END This algorithm stores the operation code and the coordinates of the specified position in the display file. The pointer FREE to the next free cell is incremented so that it will be in the correct position for the next entry.

ALGORITHM FOR GET-POINT(NTH,OP,X,Y)


Retrieve the nth instruction from the display file OP<-DF-OP[NTH]; X<-DF-X[NTH]; Y<-DF-Y[NTH]; RETURN; END;

DISPLAY FILE ALGORITHMS


This algorithm is for our display file interpreter. The interpreter will read the instructions from the portion of the display file and carry out the appropriate LINE or MOVE commands. ALGORITHM DOMOVE(X,Y):
Arguments Global X,Y ( Point to which to move ). FRAME-PEN-X , FRAME-PEN-Y. (Actual screen coordinates). WIDTH,HEIGHT . (the screen dimensions) WIDTH-START,HEIGHT-START. (coordinates of the lower-left corner). WIDTH-END,HEIGHT-END. (Coordinates of the upper right corner).

BEGIN
FRAME-PEN-X <- MAX(WIDTH-START, MIN(WIDTH-END, X*WIDTH+WIDTH-START)); FRAME-PEN-Y <- MAX(HEIGHT-START, MIN(HEIGHT-END, Y*HEIGHT+HEIGHT-START)); RETURN; END;

In this algorithm we see the formula for converting the normalised coordinates values of arguments into actual screen coordinates. The MAX,MIN functions have been added to formula because they prevent it from ever generating a value outside the bonds of the actual display.

DISPLAY CONTROL

In order to show the picture describe in the display file, we might have to do three things
To clear the current display. To interpret the display file. On some devices an explicit action is requierd to show the content of the frame buffer on some devices(eg. Line printer and standard CRT terminals). It is not necessary to clear the display everytime we interpret the display file . Sometimes we just have to make some additions in the image so there is no need to clear the image and redraw it again.

CONTD:

We handle clearing of the frame by using a flag. We use a true value to indicate that the screen should be cleared and false value to mean that the display file instruction may be drawn on top of the old image.

THANK YOU

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