Scribd
Upload
4 views

Chapter 3

Socialization is a lifelong process where individuals learn values, beliefs, and norms to function in society, with significant contributions from family, peers, and institutions. It encompasses various types, including primary, secondary, anticipatory, and resocialization, and plays a crucial role in personality development and cultural transmission. The nature vs. nurture debate highlights the interplay between biological inheritance and social influences in shaping human behavior.

Uploaded by

mishalmishi194
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Chapter 3

Socialization is a lifelong process where individuals learn values, beliefs, and norms to function in society, with significant contributions from family, peers, and institutions. It encompasses various types, including primary, secondary, anticipatory, and resocialization, and plays a crucial role in personality development and cultural transmission. The nature vs. nurture debate highlights the interplay between biological inheritance and social influences in shaping human behavior.

Uploaded by

mishalmishi194
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Chapter 3:

Socialization

SOCIOLOGY
AL-JINNAH INSTITUTE FOR LAW
Definition of Socialization

 Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn


and internalize values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors to participate in
society.

 Definitions:
 - Ogburn & Nimkoff: Socialization is the process by which the
individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.
 - Peter Worsley: It is the process whereby a child becomes a self-
aware, knowledgeable person skilled in the ways of their culture.
CONT…

 H.T. Mazumdar defines socialization as “the Process whereby original


nature is transformed into human nature and the individual into
person.”

 Green defines Socialization as “socialization is the process by which


child acquires a cultural content, alongwith selfhood and personality.”
Importance of Socialization

 - Personality Development
 - Transmission of Culture
 - Social Order
 - Role Learning
 - Development of Social Identity
Features of Socialization

 Inculcates basic discipline


 Helps to control human Behavior
 Human Agencies and rapid Socialization
 Formal and informal socialization
 Continuous process
1. Inculcates Basic Discipline

 Socialization helps individuals, especially children, learn how to


behave in a socially acceptable way. It teaches them the
difference between right and wrong and how to follow rules,
routines, and responsibilities in society. This basic discipline
forms the foundation of good citizenship and moral behavior.
2. Helps to Control Human
Behavior

 Through socialization, people learn norms, values, customs, and


laws. These become internal guidelines that influence how
individuals act and react in various situations. For example,
saying “please” and “thank you,” respecting elders, or standing
in line are all behaviors shaped by social norms taught through
socialization.
3. Human Agencies and Rapid
Socialization

 Human agencies such as family, teachers, peers, media,


and religious figures play a key role in socialization. When
these agencies act with care, empathy, and consistency, the
process of learning becomes faster and more effective. For
instance, a caring parent or teacher can make values and
lessons more understandable and relatable.
4. Formal and Informal
Socialization

 Formal Socialization happens in structured settings like


schools, where specific lessons and behaviors are taught
deliberately (e.g., discipline, punctuality).

 Informal Socialization occurs in everyday life through family,


friends, or media—where values are learned casually through
interaction and observation.
5. Continuous Process

 Socialization doesn't stop after childhood. It is a lifelong


process that continues as people grow, change environments,
take on new roles (like becoming a spouse or parent), or adapt
to different cultures. It helps people adjust and function
effectively in all stages of life.
Types of Socialization - Part 1

 1. Primary Socialization:
 - Early childhood, mainly in family.
 - Teaches basic norms, values, behavior.

 2. Secondary Socialization:
 - Occurs in school, peers, workplace, etc.
 - Builds upon primary socialization.
Types of Socialization - Part 2

 3. Anticipatory Socialization:
 - Learning norms of a future role.

 4. Resocialization:
 - Adopting new behaviors, e.g., military, rehab.
5. Adult Socialization

 Adult socialization refers to the process through which adults learn new
roles, responsibilities, norms, and behaviors as they go through
different phases of life. Unlike childhood socialization, which focuses on
basic behavior and moral learning, adult socialization is more
about adaptation, role transformation, and learning new social
skills based on adult experiences.
Conclusion

 Socialization integrates individuals into society, transmits culture and


social norms, and shapes social identity and behavior.
Examples of Socialization

 1. A child learning manners and values at home from parents (Primary


Socialization).

 2. Students learning discipline, teamwork, and competition at school (Secondary


Socialization).

 3. A college graduate preparing for a corporate job by observing professional


behaviors (Anticipatory Socialization).

 4. An inmate adapting to life outside prison after rehabilitation (Re-socialization).

 5. When a person starts a job, they undergo occupational socialization—


learning workplace culture, hierarchy, dress code, communication style, and ethics.
Nature vs. Nurture in
Socialization

 The Nature vs. Nurture debate is one of the foundational discussions in


Sociology and Psychology, especially when studying socialization.
 Nature (Biological Inheritance)
 Refers to the biological or genetic influences on an individual.
 It believes that human behavior, personality, intelligence, and
talents are mostly determined by heredity.
 Supporters argue that:
 A person is born with certain traits.
 Instincts, temperament, and mental abilities come from genes.
 Example: A child may inherit a musical talent from their parent
Nurture

 Nurture (Environment & Social Influence)


 Refers to the environmental and social factors that influence a
person.
 Includes family, culture, education, media, religion, school, peer
groups etc.
 Supporters argue that:
 Humans are shaped by learning, interaction, and experience.
 Personality and behavior are molded through socialization.
 Example: A child becomes respectful by being taught manners at home and
school.
Role of Socialization in Nature vs.
Nurture

 Socialization is more aligned with the “Nurture” side of the debate.


 It teaches individuals how to behave, interact, and function in
society.
 However, both nature and nurture work together:
 A naturally talented child still needs socialization and training to grow.
 A child may inherit certain characteristics but needs environmental
guidance to apply them properly.
Summary

•Nature provides the raw material, and nurture shapes and


develops it.
•Socialization is essential to transform biological beings into
social beings.
•Therefore, both genetic inheritance (nature) and social
environment (nurture) play important roles in shaping human
behavior.
Agents of Socialization

 Agents of socialization are the individuals, groups, and institutions that help a person learn
and adapt to the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of society.
 They play a vital role in developing personality, social skills, and the cultural understanding
necessary for social life.
 Some of the agents are discussed as under
1. Family
2. Peer Group
3. Religion
4. Educational institutions
5. Occupation (Career Choice, Anticipatory Socialization, Conditioning and Commitment,
Continues Commitment)
6. Political Parties
7. Mass Media
Family

•Primary and most important agent.


•Teaches basic skills like speaking, hygiene, respect for elders, and moral values.
•Provides emotional support and initial worldview.
•Example: Parents teaching children how to behave polite
Peer Group

•Groups of individuals of similar age and social status.


•Important for developing social skills like cooperation, competition, and conflict resolution.
•Provide a sense of belonging.
•Example: School friends influencing each other's interests.
Educational Institutions

•Teach discipline, responsibility, teamwork, and national identity.


•Transfer formal knowledge (reading, writing, science) and hidden curriculum
(patriotism, respect for rules).
•Example: School rules enforcing punctuality.
Occupation/Workplace

•Especially important in adult socialization.


•Introduces concepts like professionalism, ethics, collaboration.
•Example: A lawyer adapting to formal courtroom behaviors.
Wilbert E. Moore (a well-known American sociologist) explained that occupational
socialization — the process by which individuals are trained for and integrated into
occupational roles — occurs in four major phases.
These phases are:
Anticipatory Socialization
Formal Training
Reality Testing
Continued Commitment and Adjustment
Anticipatory Socialization

•Definition:
•The period before actually entering the workforce.
•Individuals prepare themselves by learning skills, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors
required for their future profession.
•Activities Include:
•Education, internships, vocational training, and professional grooming.
•Example:
•A law student studying legal procedures before becoming a practicing lawyer.
Formal Training

 Definition:
 Structured and organized training provided after entering the profession.
 Official programs teach the technical and professional skills needed for the
job.
 Activities Include:
 On-the-job training, workshops, professional courses.
 Example:
 Newly appointed judges attending judicial academies for formal legal
training.
Reality Testing

 Definition:
 The phase where individuals experience the real conditions of the job.
 They compare expectations with actual job experiences and adjust
accordingly.
 Activities Include:
 Facing real-world challenges, handling job pressure, managing relationships
at work.
 Example:
 A young lawyer realizing that real court trials are much tougher than mock
trials in law school.
Continued Commitment and
Adjustment

 Definition:
 After reality testing, individuals decide to stay, grow, and adapt in their
profession.
 They develop a stronger identity with their occupational role.
 Activities Include:
 Career advancement, professional development, building networks.
 Example:
 A senior lawyer becoming a High Court advocate after years of continuous
commitment.
Religion

 Provides a moral framework and values.

 Influences ideas about right and wrong, duties, afterlife, social behavior.

 Religious festivals and rituals help in community bonding.

 Example: Celebrating Eid or Christmas teaching cultural and religious


values.
Mass Media

 Includes TV, internet, newspapers, radio, social media.

 Shapes perceptions, values, lifestyles.

 Has a wider and quicker impact than traditional agents.

 Example: Children adopting fashion trends from social media.


Political Parties/State/Government

•Through laws, rights, and national programs, the government shapes citizens'
responsibilities.
•Citizenship education instills loyalty, civic sense, and patriotism.
•Example: National anthems or Independence Day celebrations.
Examples
Agent Example

Family Teaching respect and manners

Peer Group Friends encouraging hobbies

School Learning discipline and teamwork

Media Influenced by TV programs

Religion Moral teachings from religion

State Laws teaching rights and duties

Workplace Learning teamwork at office

You might also like