MASONRY

MCTLE 8

John Gabriel D. Aydalla

Clarence R. Aquino
MASONRY
HULAAN MO
• Masonry is the construction of structures using
individual units, typically made of natural materials like
brick, concrete blocks, or stone.
• Masonry is the craft of building a structure with brick,
stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering
which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by
mortar. The term masonry can also refer to the building
units (stone, brick, etc.) themselves.
• Mason can mean a person who works with bricks or
stones, or a member of a secret society.
Prepare Construction Materials and
Tools
Masonry Materials
A. Bricks
Throughout the years, bricks have been
the most trusted materials used in the
construction of buildings, houses and even
sidewalks because of its ability to render
excellent resistance to wind and fire damage,
and capacity to control moisture. In using
bricks, it's better if you choose to lay it flat as
you arrange it in a bond in order to enhance
the stability and strength of it.
Types of Bricks
• Concrete Bricks - are bricks that come from solid
concrete. They are commonly used in fences, in
main front/face of a building or as a means of
creating designs because of its various colors.
• Engineering Bricks - are bricks that can bear heavy
loads because of their highly strong characteristic
which makes them perfect to be use on a relatively
huge constructions or buildings.
 Concrete Bricks Flash Ash Clay Bricks

Engineering Brick

Sand lime Bricks

Types of Bricks

• Flash Ash Clay Bricks - these are made of clay and

flash ash. They must be used only for indoors as they
cannot withstand the effect of water and moisture
exposure.
• Sand Lime Bricks - they are also known as calcium
silicate bricks and are available on grey instead of red
color. Compared to clay bricks, sand lime bricks does
not need plastering and can be used as a member of a
load-bearing because of its superb strength capacity.
B. Concrete Blocks

• The most well-known

material used in masonry is
the concrete blocks.
• It is very durable, resistant
to fire, and environmentally
friendly. Blocks has great
insulation factor and are
good in enhancing structural
strength.
Types of Concrete Blocks
• Split-Face Block - a type of concrete block that has a
texture of a natural stone. This block walls of the
structure will give a beautiful appearance that is why it
is recommended to be use on exterior.
• Glazed Block -this block has a surface that is resistant
to water and vandalism. Its face is colored, glazed and
polished. Usually, this type of block is use on health
care and educational units as it can add beauty on it.
Split Face Block

Glazed Block
Types of Concrete Blocks
• Ribbed Block -this has a split surface and vertical
scores on its faces. Using this when building a structure
will give unceasing vertical features on its wall.
• Scored Block - this is similar to a ribbed block in a way
that it has also vertical scores on its face and.could give
a look of having several mortar jointsif lined up together.
Usually this block has a single vertical score but it can
have a maximum of 7 scores if it is needed
Scored Block
Ribbed Block
Types of Concrete Blocks
• Honed Block -this block are polished and smooth which makes it
considered as a pretty block. It is indicated to be use in the
construction of office and school buildings.
• Offset Block - this is available in various patterns and has a good
texture. It has two surfaces on its faces that have dissimilar depths
where it can produce a staggered effect.

• Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) - the most commonly used masonry

materials in the Philippines with three hollowspace and rough finishing
surface. It has a common or standard size of 40cm (length) X 20 cm
(width) X 4 in (thickness) and 40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 5 in
(thickness).
Honed Block Concrete Hollow Block

Offset Block
Stones
• Stones - these are made of granite, limestone, sandstone and
local stones. Stones are durable, fireproof, water-resistant,
moisture-resistant, bug proof and maintenance-free.

• They are best to use if you want the structure to have an

appealing appearance that couldn't last.
Types of Masonry Stone

• Ashlar Stones - ares tones that

were cut into rectangular blocks
that usually have a height of
thirteen to fifteen inches. These
blocks are then sculpted or
shaped in order to have square
edges and even square faces.
Usually these stones are
indicated to be use on the
buildings.
Types of Masonry Stone

• Rubble Stones - are scrap

stones that have rough
looks and textures and
have irregular shapes and
sizes. These stones are
mainly used for
landscaping purposes.
Types of Masonry Stone

• Flagstone - a stone that is

flat, smooth and has thin
layers. It offers good slip
resistant and is usually used
in landscaping, patios,
walkways, main front of the
building, fences and also as
bench seats.
Types of Masonry Stone
• Tiles - Are natural or manufactured hard materials
such as stones like granite and marble, ceramic,
metal, or even glass, It is used as materials for roofs,
floors, walls, showers, or even table tops.
• Tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from
lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and
mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling
applications.
Types of Masonry Stone
• Veneer - this material is
made up of small bits of
stones and bricks and is
ideal to be use on the
exterior walls of houses
and commercial buildings.
It is inexpensive,
lightweight, easy to set
and gives an efficient
insulation to the walls.
C. Mortar

• This is a mixture of
sand, binder and water
that is used in adhering
building blocks or
bricks to each other
and also in filling the
spaces between them.
Types of Masonry Mortar
• Type M Mortar - it is considered as the type of mortar
that has the highest strength and is composed of great
amount of Portland cement. This is recommended to be
use on areas like driveways, foundations and retaining
walls where its strength is needed to support the heavy
loads.
Types of Masonry Mortar
• Type N Mortar - it's consist of 1 part Portland cement, 1
part lime and 6 parts sands and has a medium strength.
• This was named as a mortar mix that can be used for
general purposes. Interior, exterior and above-grade
load-bearing walls are the surfaces where it can be
used.

Uses : Laying bricks, blocks, stone, walls and veneers

Types of Masonry Mortar
• Type O Mortar - this is a type of mortar that has a low
strength and can act as a substitute to Type N mortar
when working on areas that are being expose to
extreme cold.
• This can be use also on interior and exterior above
grade, non-bearing wall installation but when it comes
to exterior use, control should be applied because of its
poor constructional capacity.
Types of Masonry Mortar
• Type S Mortar - a type of mortar that has a high
compressive strength. It also offers excellent tensile
bond strength which means that it has the capacity to
resist soil pressures.
• This is recommended to be used on below-grade area
installation like manholes, patios, pavements and
retaining walls.
D. Cement
• One of the substances needed in
order to have a concrete mixture,
mortar or any kind of mixture
needed in masonry.
• This substance is composed of
limes, silica and other minerals
which make it a fine powder.
• It uses water for it to harden and in
order for it to bind blocks or bricks
to each other.
E. Sand
• Concrete Sand - this is
mainly used as one of the
aggregates in the mixture of
concrete that would bind
cement.
• Masonry Sand - this type of
sand is best to use in mixing
mortar and in plastering
F. Reinforcing Bar
• It has casted ribs which gives the purpose
of excellent attachment to the concrete.
• This bar is used to convey the tensile
load and to give additional strength to
the hardened concrete.
• It also prevents the likelihood of the
concrete to separate from each other
which would be the reason of any cracks
and other structural problem.
Identity of Hand Tools and
Equipment in Masonry
Masonry Hand Tools and Equipment
A. Trowel This tool is made up of a rubber or wood handle
and a steel blade that has several shapes. Its blade has a
length of 9-12 inches and a width of 4-7 inches. This is used
to scoop, set and spread mortars, as well as to remove
excess mortar.
Types of Trowel used in Masonry
• Corner Trowel - this has a V shape blade and a handle that is positioned at
the middle of the blade that bend 90°. This is useful in applying and shaping
concrete either on external on internal corners.
• Brick Trowel - this trowel has a blade that is somewhat round and diamond-
shaped. This has been made for the purpose of tamping and cutting bricks.
• Concrete Finishing Trowel - this type of trowel has a large and flat
rectangular blade. This is use to acquire the needed smoothness of the
surface after the placement of the concrete.
• Margin Trowel - this tool it can be used in many tasks such as scraping off
those excess adhesives, mixing mortars and spreading adhesives or mortars
onto the notched trowel or narrow surfaces.
Types of Trowel used in Masonry
• Tuck Pointing Trowel - this
tool has a long and thin
blade. Itis use in placing the
mortar in between bricks.

• Flooring Trowel - this has a

pointed front and a
rectangular back that is used
in applying concrete to the
corners.
Types of Trowel used in Masonry
• Gauging Trowel - a trowel that has a round-shape on the front tip and
a slight V-shape back. This is use when mixing, measuring, and
applying a relative amount of mortar or quick set plaster.
• Fresno Trowel - this tool is composed of a long handle and a curve or
square ends. Its handle can have a length of 20ft. up to 30 ft. while
the trowel itself can have a length of 2 ft. up to 4ft. this tool is used on
bigger areas where reaching is hard and cannot utilize the use of the
usual trowel. But, using this will not guarantee the quality if work that
the other type of trowel can give. Long handle can affect the effecient
control of the tool.
Gauging Trowel
Fresno Trowel
B. Concrete Bull Float
• This tool is composed of a long
handle and a float itself that
comes from a flat wood,
aluminum, magnesium or rubber.
Generally this tool is used to
level the surface, press down any
big aggregates and to smooth
concrete surfaces before doing
the trowelling.
C. Edger
• This tool has been
designed in order make
and form edges and
corners on the concrete
D. Darby
• This tool is indicated for
flattening and leveling
concrete that are newly
poured to the surface.
E. Hand Groover
• This tool is indicated for
flattening and leveling
concrete that are newly
poured to the surface.
F. Tamper
• This tool is relatively used to
squeeze the soil prior to the
placement of concrete and
also to tamp into the concrete
those aggregates that are
exposed.
G. Masonry Jointer
• A tool that is used in making
mortar joints in bricks, stones
and paver.
This is also used to provide a
polish appearance to the wall.
G. Hammers
• There are various types
of hammer that are
being used in masonry.
Their usual functions are
for driving nails and
breaking bricks or blocks.
Types of Masonry Hammers
• Bricklayers Hammer - this tool has
two ends; a flat, squared face on
one end that is used in striking nails
and a pointed end on the other end
used in smashing bricks and blocks.
• Mashing Hammer - this tool has two
striking ends that can weigh from 2
pounds up to 4 pounds. It used in
mainly in hammering chisel when
cutting blocks.
Types of Masonry Hammers
• Sledgehammer - this tool has a
large, flat metal head and a longer
handle. Compared to other types of
hammer, this one is considered as
the heaviest. Sledgehammer can be
used in smashing masonry or
drywall for the purpose of
remodelling or reconstructing.
I. Masonry Power Saw
This tool is use for the
purpose of resizing blocks
that are in big sizes or in
cutting numerous amounts
of blocks and bricks.
Two Basic Types
• Hand-held Saw - this type of saw are commonly have a
silicon blade that measures for about six or seven inches
high. Since it can only be up to seven inches high, hand-held
saw is not good to be use on blocks that has an eight inches
measurement because it will not provide a neat cut to it.
• Table-mounted Saw - compared to hand-held, this one can
be used on any types of masonry brick or block because of its
blade that has a length of 14" to 20" high. This is
recommended to be use if there's a large quantity of blocks
or bricks that need to be cut.
J. Masonry Grinder Rom
• A tool designed to grind and cut bricks, blocks,
stonework and concrete. It could be hand-held,
electric-powered or even gasoline-powered
grinder.
Hand-held Grinder - this tool was made for the
purpose of grinding and polishing the surface of a
certain object like brick or concrete. Circular
movement must be applied when using this tool.
Use of hand-held grinder also requires patience and
physical strength especially on the arms and back of
the user because of its slow grinding ability.
J. Masonry Grinder Rom
• Electric-powered Grinder - this toolis used if rapid cutting is
needed. It usescarbide blade to cut very tough materials and
diamond tip blade to acquire an accurate cuts.
Suitable PPE like respirator and goggles must be used when
using this tool because of the great amount of dust that it can
produce.
• Gasoline-powered grinder - this tool is used to polish those
areas that are relatively great in size, like the hallways, concrete
floors and driveways. Gasoline-powered grinder uses water for
two reasons;to remove great amount of produced dust and to
lengthen the use of its grinding wheels by cooling it.
K. Chisels
Types of Chisel used in Masonry
• Plugging Chisel - this is made from steel that was hardened
and tempered. It is mainly use in taking out mortar from
bricks and also for the other type of task that requires the
use of chisel.
• Blocking Chisel - this type of chisel is made of steel which
makes it heavier compared to the other type. It is best to use
this tool if there are many bricks and blocks that require
breaking. Aside from that, blocking chisel is very good in
giving highly clean cuts.
L. Masonry Mixers
• Shovel. This tool is made up of a wood/fiberglass handle and a
blade/ head that comes from sheet steel/strong plastic. This is
used mainly for the purpose of digging, lifting and moving sand,
soil, gravel, coal and other materials.
• Wheelbarrow. A small vehicle that has two legs and two
handles on its rear part and commonly has a single wheel on its
front. Normally this is use in gardening and in the construction
industry to convey loads.
O. Brushes Rom
• They are being use to remove any mortar stains or any
remnants of powder on the wall after it has been erected.
Types:
• Stiff Bristle Brush - this can be used on cleaning a light build-up
of mortar.
• Medium Soft Bristle Brush - this type of brush is use in cleaning
powder residue.
P. Finishing or Aligning Tools Rom
• Plumb Bob - the plumb bob is a simple brass or metal bulb with
a pointed end which uses gravity to help builders determine
exact vertical alignment. Whenever you need to straighten a
metal pipes, wall or other tall vertical structure that is longer
than a conventional level, plumb bob can be useful.
• Level - is a tool with a bubble of air inside a vial of encased
liquid, which shows when is frame or pipes are exactly
horizontal with the earth's surface, called "level." Longer levels
typically have additional vials turned perpendicular so the tool
can measure vertical " plumb." This can be use in exchange of
plumb bob especially when it is windy outside.