Adama Science & Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Introduction to Communication systems

(ECE- 3202)

Chapter 2
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Outlines
Introduction
Time and Frequency domain representation of AM signal
 Modulation and Demodulation techniques of
 Double side band with Carrier (DSB-C)
 Double sideband suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
 Single Side Band (SSB)
 Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
 Quadrature Amplitude modulation and demodulation
 Overview of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Introduction
The process of imposing low frequency information signal onto a high
frequency carrier signal is known as modulation.
 Modulation is simply a process of changing some property of the carrier in
accordance with an information signal.
 Modulation is important for the following reasons:
 To radiate from an antenna of reasonable size.
 To enable more than one user to communicate over a channel at one
time by selecting different carrier frequency (FDM).
 Increase the signal strength
 Enhancing wireless communication systems.
 Ensures that the signals received by the receiver are entirely as
desired.
 Cont.
 Generally, There are three different types of modulation:
1. Analog Modulation: - AM, FM, PM.
2. Pulse Modulation: PAM, PPM, PWM and PCM.
3. Digital Modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK.
Analog modulation is a process of changing amplitude, frequency or phase of an
analog carrier in accordance with analog message signal. It has three different
forms: AM, FM, and PM.
Pulse modulation is a process or method of converting message signal in to pulse
forms for transferring pulses from a source to a destination. The predominant
methods are PAM, PPM, PWM and PCM.
Digital Modulation is the same as analog modulations but the modulating signals
are digital signals and thus the modulation type is different. The three predominant
methods in digital modulation are ASK, FSK, and PSK.
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude Modulation is analog modulation, which is the process of changing
the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in accordance with
the amplitude of the modulating message signal.

AM is a relatively inexpensive, low quality form of modulation that is used for
broadcasting of both audio and video signals.

There are four types of AM:

1. DSB-with carrier (Double Side Band with carrier) AM

2. DSB-SC (Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier) AM

3. SSB (Single Side Band) AM

4. Vestigial AM
 DSB with carrier modulation(Standard AM)
This is the form of modulation used for commercial AM broadcasting.
It has the advantage that the receiver is extremely simple (good for
commercial applications, since radio receivers can be made very cheaply).
Let the carrier be and message signal be .
 Then the block diagram of an AM modulated wave is shown as:
Cont…
 The first figure shows the modulating wave, which is the message signal.

 The next one is the carrier wave, which is a high frequency signal and
contains no information.

 The last one is the resultant modulated wave.

This line helps recreating the exact shape of the modulating signal. This
imaginary line on the carrier wave is called as Envelope. It is the same as that
of the message signal.
 Time and Frequency domain representation of
AM wave
Let the modulating signal be, nd the carrier signal be, c.

 Where and are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier
signal respectively.

 and are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively.

 Then, the equation of Amplitude modulated wave will be

s ……………………………………………………………………..(1)
Cont…
Modulation Index
 A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated,
then such an attempt is called as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth.
It states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.
 Rearrange the Equation 1 as below
s
s…………………………………………………………….(2)
Where is Modulation index and it is equal to the ratio of and . Mathematically,
we can write as:
………………………………………………………………………………………………...(3)
 Now, let us derive one more formula for Modulation index by considering
Equation 1. We can use this formula for calculating modulation index value,
when the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave are
known.
 Let and be the maximum And minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.
Cont…
 The maximum Amplitude of the modulated wave, when is 1.
=> ………………………………………………………………(4)
 The minimum Amplitude of the modulated wave, when is -1.
=> ……………………………………………………………….(5)
 Add Equation 4 and Equation 5.

=> ………………………(6)
 Subtract Equation 5 and Equation 4.

=> ………………………(7)
 The ratio of Equation 7 and Equation 6 will be as follows.
 Cont…

…………………………………………………………(8)

 Therefore, Equation 3 and Equation 8 are the two formulas for Modulation index.

The modulation index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called as

Percentage of Modulation. percentage of modulation gets by multiplying the
modulation index value with 100.

 For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies
the percentage of modulation should be 100%.

 For instance, if this value is less than 1, i.e., the modulation index is 0.5, then the
modulated output would look like the following figure. It is called as Under-
modulation. Such a wave is called as an under-modulated wave.
Cont…

If the value of the modulation index is greater than 1, i.e., 1.5 or so, then the
wave will be an over-modulated wave.
Cont…
Bandwidth of AM Wave
 Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies of the signal. Mathematically, we can write it as

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

s
=>s+
From Trigonometric function cosAcosB=
=>s+
 Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has three frequencies. Those are
carrier frequency , Upper sideband frequency and lower sideband frequency .
Cont…
and
 Substitute, values in bandwidth formula.

Power Calculations of AM Wave

 Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

s+
 Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband,
and lower sideband frequency components.

 The standard formula for power of cos signal is

Cont…
Where vrms is the rms value of cos signal, vm is the peak value if cos signal.
 Carrier power
 Upper sideband power
 Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side
band power.
 Lower sideband power
 Then the total power become,
)
Þ

 If the modulation index , then the power of AM wave is equal to 1.5 times the

carrier power. So, the power required for transmitting an AM wave is 1.5 times
the carrier power for a perfect modulation.
Example
1. A modulating signal m(t)= is amplitude with a carrier signal c(t)= . Find
the modulation index, the carrier power, the power required for transmitting
AM wave(Assume R=1).
Solution
Given the equation of modulating signal as: m(t)=
And the equation of modulating signal as
By comparing the above two equations, we’ll get
Given the equation of carrier signal as: c(t)=
And the equation of modulating signal as
By comparing the above two equations, we’ll get
modulation index:
Therefore, the value of modulation index is 0.2 and percentage of
modulation is 20%.
 Cont…
 Carrier power
 Total power

2. The equation of amplitude wave is given by Find the carrier power, the total
sideband power, and the bandwidth of AM wave with a resistance of 1 ohm.
Solution
Given the equation of Amplitude modulated wave is
And Rewrite the above equation as
the equation of modulating signal is s
By comparing the above two equations, we’ll get
Carrier power
Cont…
 Total side band power= Upper sideband power+ lower sideband power

 Total side band power=

 Bandwidth of AM wave
 Frequency Domain spectrum of DSB-C
we have a signal which is defines as:
+
 The frequency domain representation of the first term is a set of -functions
of amplitude at frequencies ±fc.

Using the frequency-shifting property of the Fourier transform for the

second term, we have

 Using the frequency-shifting property of the Fourier transform for the third
term, we have
Frequency Domain spectrum Description with DSB-
C(cont…)
 The frequency domain representation of the wave signal become
+
DSB-Carrier Modulator
 There are two modulators generate standard AM wave.
 Square law modulator
 Switching modulator

a. Square law modulator

 The block diagram of the square law modulator is
 Square Law Modulator (cont…)
Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and cos(2πt).
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block.
This summer block produces an output, which is the addition of the
modulating and the carrier signal.
Mathematically, we can write it as:
(t)=+cos(2πt)…………………………………………………(1)
This signal V1(t) is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode.
The characteristics of the diode are closely related to square law.
(t)=(t)+…………………………………………….…..(2)
Where, are constants.
Substitute (t) in above Equation 2 ,we will get:
….................................(3)
……...(4)
23
 Square Law Modulator (cont…)
……(5)
The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the
first three terms of the above equation are unwanted.
So, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate
the first three terms.
Therefore, the output of square law modulator is:

………………………………………….…(6)
Where, is the amplitude sensitivity.
By comparing the output of the square law modulator with the standard
equation of AM wave, we will get the scaling factor as and the amplitude
sensitivity as 2/.
DSB-Carrier Modulator
b. Switching modulator
 The block diagram of the switching modulator is

Switching modulator is similar to the square law modulator. The only

difference is that in the square law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-
linear mode, whereas, in the switching modulator, the diode has to operate as
an ideal switch.
 Switching Modulator(cont…)
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block.

Summer block produces an output, which is the addition of modulating and carrier
signals. Mathematically, we can write it as:

This signal (t) is applied as an input of diode.

 Assume, the magnitude of the modulating signal is very small when compared to the
amplitude of carrier signal Ac.

 So, the diode’s ON and OFF action is controlled by carrier signal c(t).

 This means, the diode will be forward biased when c(t)>0 and it will be reverse biased
when c(t)<0.
 Therefore, the output of the diode is:
26
Switching Modulator(cont…)
 This approximated as: (t)=
 Where, x(t) is a periodic pulse train with time period
The Fourier series representation of this periodic pulse train is
Switching Modulator(cont…)
 Substitute, V1(t) and x(t)

 The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the
remaining terms are unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter,
we can pass only AM wave and eliminate the remaining terms.
 Therefore, the output of switching modulator is:
DSB-Carrier Demodulator
There are two modulators generate standard AM wave.
 Square law demodulator
 Envelope Detector

a. Square law demodulator

 Square law demodulator is used to demodulate low level AM wave.
 The block diagram of the square law demodulator is
 Square law demodulator(cont…)
 The standard form of AM wave is:(t)=………………1
 We know that the mathematical relationship between the input and the output of square
law device is: (t)=(t)+…………………………………………………………………………….2
 Substitute (t) in Equation 1

++
+++++ +

 In the above equation, the term is the scaled version of the message signal.

 It can be extracted by passing the above signal through a low pass filter and the DC
component of can be eliminated with the help of a coupling capacitor.
DSB-Carrier Demodulator
b. Envelope Detector
 Envelope detector is used to detect (demodulate) high level AM wave.
 It is also called as diode detector.
 The block diagram of the Envelope detector is
 Envelope Detector(cont…)
The AM wave s(t) is applied as an input to this detector. We know the standard
form of AM wave is: =

In the positive half cycle of AM wave, the diode conducts and the capacitor
charges to the peak value of AM wave.

When the value of AM wave is less than this value, the diode will be reverse
biased.

Thus, the capacitor will discharge through resistor R till the next positive half
cycle of AM wave.

When the value of AM wave is greater than the capacitor voltage, the diode
conducts and the process will be repeated.
32
DSB with suppressed carrier AM (DSB-SC AM)
Conventional AM have an inherent disadvantage that carrier power constitutes two-third
or more power of the total power.

This is a major draw back because the carrier contains no information.

To overcome this shortcoming of AM we may suppress the carrier component from the
modulated wave resulting in DSB-SC modulation.

a. DSB-C b. DSB-SC
 Cont…
 Let the modulating signal be, nd the carrier signal be, c.

Bandwidth of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.

s
From Trigonometric function cosAcosB=
=>s
 Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has only frequencies. Those are Upper
sideband frequency and lower sideband frequency .
 Cont…
Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

Consider the following equation of amplitude modulated wave.
s
 Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of upper sideband, and
lower sideband frequency components.

Upper sideband power

 Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of
the upper side band power.
 Lower sideband power
 Then the total power become, +
 Therefore, the power required for transmitting DSBSC wave is
equal to the power of both the sidebands.
Spectrum of DSBSC

The modulated signal in the frequency domain will have the following form:
𝑆 (𝑓 )=𝛿 (𝑓 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚) )+ 𝛿 (𝑓 + (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚) )+ 𝛿 (𝑓 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓))
DSB-SC modulator
 There are two modulators generate standard AM wave.
a. Balanced modulator
b. Ring modulator
a. Balanced modulator
 The block diagram of balanced modulator is

Balanced modulator(cont…)
Balanced modulator consists of two identical AM modulators. These two
modulators are arranged in a balanced configuration in order to suppress the
carrier signal. Hence, it is called as Balanced modulator.
The same carrier signal c(t)=cos(2πt) is applied as one of the inputs to these two
AM modulators.
The modulating signal m(t) is applied as another input to the upper AM
modulator. Whereas, the modulating signal m(t) with opposite polarity, i.e., −m(t)
is applied as another input to the lower AM modulator.
Output of the upper AM modulator is:

Output of the lower AM modulator is:

38
 Balanced modulator(cont…)
 We get the DSBSC wave s(t) by subtracting (t) from (t). The summer block is
used to perform this operation. (t) with positive sign and (t) with negative sign
are applied as inputs to summer block. Thus, the summer block produces an
output s(t) which is the difference of (t) and (t).
s
s+
⇒ s(t)=2m(t)cos(2πt)

We know the standard equation of DSBSC wave is

⇒s(t)=m(t)cos(2πt)

By comparing the output of summer block with the standard equation of DSBSC
wave, we will get the scaling factor as:2

39
DSB-SC modulator
b. Ring modulator
 The block diagram of ring modulator is

 DSBSC modulators are also called as product modulators as they produce

the output, which is the product of two input signals.
Ring modulator(cont…)
 applied to the input transformer.
 applied between 2-center tapped transformer.
 For positive half cycle, ON & OFF. In this case, message signal is multiplied
by +1.
 For negative half cycle, OFF & ON. In this case, message signal is multiplied
by -1. This makes phase shift.
 If c(t) is square wave, the Fourier series of c(t)

 The output modulated signal s(t) become

DSB-SC demodulator
 There are two demodulators that demodulate DSBSC wave.
a. Coherent Detector
b. Costas Loop
a. Coherent Detector
 The same carrier signal (which is used for generating DSBSC signal) is used
to detect the message signal.
Coherent Detector(cont…)
The demodulated DSB-SC AM wave and the carrier signal is given as:
 s
 Then, *c

+ cos
 The output demodulated signal passing through LPF become:

 Demodulated signal will be maximum at That’s why the local oscillator

signal and the carrier signal should be in phase, i.e., there should not be any
phase difference between these two signals.
.
DSB-SC demodulator
b. Costas Loop
 Costas loop is used to make both the carrier signal (used for DSBSC
modulation) and the locally generated signal in phase.
Costas Loop(cont…)
 As we know, DSB-SC wave is s
 Let the output of VCO(voltage controlled oscillator)
 This output of VCO is applied as the carrier input of the upper product
modulator.
 Hence, the output of the upper product modulator is
s

After simplifying
 The output of LPF is
 Therefore, the output of this low pass filter is the scaled version of the
modulating signal.
 The output of - phase shifter is
Costas Loop(cont…)
 This signal is applied as the carrier input of the lower product modulator.
 The output of the lower product modulator is s

 After simplifying
 The output of LPF
 The output of this LPF has - phase difference with the output of the upper
LPF.
 The outputs of these two low pass filters are applied as inputs of the phase
discriminator. Based on the phase difference between these two signals, the
phase discriminator produces a DC control signal.
 This signal is applied as an input of VCO to correct the phase error in VCO
output. Therefore, the carrier signal (used for DSBSC modulation) and the
locally generated signal (VCO output) are in phase.
SSB Modulation and Demodulation
Conventional AM and DSB-SC are wasteful of bandwidth because they both
require transmission bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth.
As the transmission of information is concerned, only one sideband is
necessary.
Thus it is possible to transmit only one of the side bands because the lower
side band and upper sideband carries the same information.
 When only one sideband is transmitted, the modulation system is referred to
as single sideband system (SSB).
Cont.
SSB modulation provides the following advantages as compared to
conventional AM and DSB-SC.
1. It conserves frequency spectrum since only one of the side band is
transmitted.
2. It requires relatively low power as compared to conventional AM.
3. Noise decrease since the BW has decreased by half.
The benefit of using SSB is therefore derived from the reduced bandwidth
requirement and the elimination of the high power carrier wave.
The principal disadvantage of the SSB system is its cost and complexity.
 Mathematically- SSB wave is given by:
for the upper sideband
Or
for the lower sideband
 Cont…
Bandwidth of SSB Wave
 Since the SSBSC modulated wave contains only one sideband, its bandwidth is
half of the bandwidth of DSB modulated wave.

Power Calculations of DSBSC Wave

 Power of SSBSC wave is equal to the power of any one sideband frequency
components.

Upper sideband power

 Lower sideband power
 Then the total power become,
SSB Modulators
The are two methods of generating SSB
a. Frequency Discrimination Method (Filter Method)
b. Phase Discrimination Method
a. Frequency Discrimination Method (Filter Method)
 Select the frequency range of band pass filter as the spectrum of the desired
SSB wave. This means the band pass filter can be tuned to either upper
sideband or lower sideband frequencies to get the respective SSB wave having
upper sideband or lower sideband.
 Frequency Discrimination Method(cont…)
Let the modulating signal be, m(t) = cos (2πt)
 and Carrier signal, c(t) = cos (2π t)
As we have discussed the similar expression in DSB-SC modulation. So, here we can write,

= Upper sideband
= Lower sideband

However, we know that the DSB-SC amplitude modulated wave requires a bandwidth of 2fm.
But, due to the presence of single sideband in SSB modulation, the bandwidth requirement is
reduced to half. Hence, bandwidth in case of SSB-SC amplitude modulation wave is fm.

Select the frequency range of band pass filter as the spectrum of the desired SSBSC wave. This
means the band pass filter can be tuned to either upper sideband or lower sideband frequencies
to get the respective SSBSC wave having upper sideband or lower sideband.
KEHALI A. JEMBER 51
SSB Modulators
b. Phase Discrimination Method
 It consists of the two product modulator, two phase shifters, one local
oscillator and one summer block. The product modulator produces an output,
which is the product of two inputs.
 Phase Discrimination Method(cont…)
The output of upper product modulator is

The output of lower product modulator is

Þ}
Add and in order to get SSB modulated wave s(t) having a lower sideband.
+


Phase Discrimination Method(cont…)
 Subtract and in order to get SSB modulated wave s(t) having an upper
sideband.
+

 Hence, by properly choosing the polarities of inputs at summer block, we will

get SSBSC wave having a upper sideband or a lower sideband.
 SSB demodulator
Coherent Detector
 To demodulate an SSB wave and extract the baseband signal m(t), we have
to shift the spectrum of the sideband by ± fc so as to convert the transmitted
sideband back to the baseband signal.
This can be accomplished by using coherent detection, which involves
applying the SSB wave, together with a locally generated sinusoidal wave
Accos(2πfct) to a product modulator and then low pass filtering the modulator
output will produce m(t).
Coherent Detector(cont…)
 Consider the following SSBSC wave having a lower sideband

 The output of the local oscillator is c

From the figure, the output of product modulator
 Substitute values in the above equation, and become

 In the above equation, the first term is the scaled version of the message
signal. It can be extracted by passing the above signal through a low pass
filter.
 Therefore, the output of low pass filter is
 Here, the scaling factor is
Coherent Detector(cont…)
Consider the following SSBSC wave having a upper sideband

 The output of the local oscillator is c

 From the figure, the output of product modulator
 Substitute values in the above equation, and become

 In the above equation, the first term is the scaled version of the message
signal. It can be extracted by passing the above signal through a low pass
filter.
 Therefore, the output of low pass filter is
 Here, the scaling factor is
 Therefore, we get the same demodulated output in both the cases by using
coherent detector.
Vestigial (VSB) AM
When the information signal contains significant components at extremely
low frequencies as in TV signals, the SSB modulation is inappropriate in
transmitting such baseband signals due to the difficulty of isolating one side
band.
This difficulty suggests another scheme known as VSB modulation, which is a
compromise between SSB and DSB-SC modulation.
AM vestigial sideband (VSB) is a form of amplitude modulation in which the
carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the
second sideband is transmitted.
Probably the most widely known VSB system is the picture portion of a
commercial TV-broadcasting signal.
 The bandwidth required by a VSB system is smaller than the DSB-SC system
but higher than the SSB system.
Vestigial (VSB) AM
Bandwidth of VSBSC Modulation
 the frequency components of one side band along with the vestige of other
sideband, the bandwidth of it will be the sum of the bandwidth of SSB
modulated wave and vestige frequency .
+
The VSB modulation can be generated by passing a DSB-SC wave through an
appropriate filter with transfer function H(f).
A
SVSB ( f )  C [ M  f c  f m   M  f c  f m ]H ( f ) , where M(f) is Fourier
transform of 2m(t).
Cont.
To generate a VSB AM signal we begin by generating a DSB-SC AM signal
and passing it through a sideband filter with frequency response H ( f ).
In the time domain the VSB signal may be expressed as

u(t) = [Acm(t) cos 2π fct] ⋆ h(t)

where h(t) is the impulse response of the VSB filter.
In the frequency domain, the corresponding expression is

U(f)= Ac[M(f − fc)+M(f + fc)]H(f)

Cont.
To determine the frequency-response characteristics of the filter, let us
consider the demodulation of the VSB signal u(t).
We multiply u(t) by the carrier component cos 2π fct and pass the result
through an ideal lowpass filter.
 Thus, the product signal is, equivalently,

v(t) = u(t) cos 2π fct

If we substitute for U ( f ), we obtain

V(f)= Ac/4[M(f −2fc)+M(f)]H(f − fc) + Ac/4[M(f)+M(f +2fc)]H(f + fc )
The lowpass filter rejects the double-frequency terms and passes only the
components in the frequency range | f | ≤ W .
Cont.
Hence, the signal spectrum at the output of the ideal lowpass filter is

Vl( f ) = Ac/4 M( f )[H( f − fc) + H( f + fc)]

We require that the message signal at the output of the lowpass filter be
undistorted.
Hence, the VSB filter characteristic must satisfy the condition
H(f − fc)+H(f + fc)=constant, |f|≤W
This condition is satisfied by a filter that has the frequency-response
characteristic shown.
Cont.
We note that H( f ) selects the upper sideband and a vestige of the lower side
band.
It has odd symmetry about the carrier frequency fc, in the frequency range fc
− fa < f < fc + fa,
where fa is a conveniently selected frequency that is some small fraction of W ;
i.e., fa ≪ W.
Thus, we obtain an undistorted version of the transmitted signal.
The figure illustrates the frequency response of a VSB filter that selects the
lower sideband and a vestige of the upper sideband.
To avoid distortion of the
message signal, the VSB
filter should be designed to
have linear phase over its
passband fc − fa ≤|f|≤ fc +W.
Summary

64
 Overview of Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
 A technology that is widely used in telephony, data communications, and audio/video
broadcasting is multiplexing which can combine multiple communication signals for
them to traverse an otherwise single signal communication medium simultaneously.
 There are two types of Multiplexing: Analog Multiplexing and Digital
Multiplexing.

 Analog multiplexing is typically used for telecommunications. Telephones and

televisions are examples of technologies that process analog signals. Analog forms of
multiplex use either Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) or Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM).

 Digital multiplexing is used in computer networking to help organizations send

multiple signals over a single channel. Examples include an analogue stereo audio
cable, with one pair of wires for the left channel and another for the right channel,
and a multi-pair telephone cable, a switched star network such as a telephone access
FDM (Cont…)
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a multiplexing technique that divides the
available bandwidth into multiple sub-bands each of which can carry a signal.
Therefore, FDM enables concurrent transmissions over a shared communication
medium.
Working principle of FDM
 The total bandwidth is divided into a set of frequency bands that do not overlap. Each
of these bands is a carrier of a different signal that is generated and modulated by one
of the sending devices.
 The frequency bands are separated from one another by strips of unused frequencies
called the guard bands, to prevent overlapping of signals.
The modulated signals are combined using a multiplexer (MUX) in the sending end.
 The combined signal is transmitted over the communication channel, thus allowing
multiple independent data streams to be transmitted simultaneously.
 At the receiving end, the individual signals are extracted from the combined signal by
the process of demultiplexing (DEMUX).
FDM (Cont…)

Guard Band
 A guard band is a narrow frequency range that separates two ranges of
frequencies. This ensures that simultaneously used communication channels
do not experience interference which would result in decreased quality of both
transmissions.
FDM (Cont…)
FDM block diagram
 As shown in the figure below, there are three different message signals are
modulated at various frequencies. After that, they are merged into a single
composite signal. Each signal’s carrier frequencies must be chosen so that
there is no overlapping of modulated signals. Like this, each modulated signal
within the multiplexed signal is simply separated from each other within the
domain of frequency.
 At the receiver end, bandpass filters are used to separate each modulated
signal from the composite signal & demultiplexed. By transmitting the
demultiplexed signal through the LPF, it is achievable to recover every
message signal.
Advantage and Disadvantages of FDM
Advantages:
 Doesn’t need synchronization between transmitter and receiver.
 Large number of signals(channels) can be transmitted simultaneously.
 Demodulation process of FDM is easy.

Disadvantages
 Communication channel must have large bandwidth.
 FDM suffer from the problem of crosstalk.
 large numbers of filters and modulators are required.
 Intermodulation distortion takes place.
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