Lecture 1

Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

(RCD)
 TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
• 1. Introduction to materials in construction

• 2. concrete and steel test

• 3. mechanics of reinforce concrete

• 4. USD Ultimate Strength Design as design

basis
 Flexure design fundamentals by USD
Design of RC Beams

• 6. Design of beams for flexure

• single reinforced beam

• double reinforcedbeam

• T beam design

• Irregular shape beam

• Balance design condition

• Multi layered beams analysis

• Over reinforce neamdesign

 Design for Shear Reinforcement
• 14. Shear and torsion design(stirrup design)

• 15, Development length/ Bond length

 Design of RC Slabs
• 1. Design of Slabs: types and Uses

• 2. One way slabs

• 3. Two way slabs

• 4. ACI Moment coefficient method

• 5. Direct design method

• 6. Equivalent Frame (optional)

• 7. Flat Plate and Flat slabs

 Design of Compression Members (columns)
• 1. Design of Compression members(Columns)

• 2. Axially loaded tied and spiral column

• 3. Eccentrically loaded column

• 4. Strength Interaction diagram

• 5. Bi axial bending

• 6. Long slender column

• 7 integrated structural design of a min. 2 story building

 CLASS RULES
The following are NOT allowed:
• 1. Noise/ talking loudly during class hours
• 2. “Fooling around (bugal- bugal) with classmates

• 1. arrange your chairs and seat properly during

class hours
• 2. avoid loitering / making noise around corridors so
as not to disturb other classes
• 3. You may talk with classmates but in discreet
manner
• 4. avoid coming late to class
 CLASS RULES
• 5. Quizzes are announced in advance thus missing a
quiz is equivalent to zero. No special Quiz given (take a
quiz in advance if you have impt. Concerns)

• 6. Quiz and exams should be taken only In your Block

and schedule

• 7. Studying in a State University is NOT a Right . It is

your Privilege and with this privilege there is a
responsibility to study seriously

• 8. Approach the professor regularly to determine your

Grade Status.
 CONCRETE
Concrete is a type of
building material used to
construct various
structures (building,
roads bridges etc)

(3) Main Components

• Portland cement
• fine aggregates (sand)
• coarse aggregates
(gravel)

mixed with
water(hydration)
forming a solid hard mass

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https://www.timglobaleng.com/bloggen/reinforced-concrete-types-characteristics-advantages/
 Early Uses of Concrete

Romans - 200BC
Nabatean Arabs - 6500BC Jordan and Syria

Modern Plain cement concrete roads (1824)

Egyptians - 3000 BC as mortar for stones
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 Properties Plain Concrete
1. excellent compressive strength (3000-29000 psi)
2. very low tensile and flexure or bending strength
(10-15 % of compressive strength )

concrete is brittle and fails suddenly (no warning)

 Reinforced Concrete(RC) beam:
RC composite building material :
consisting of concrete with steel
embedded on to it.

Steel reinforcements:

• increases the flexure or tensile

strength
• improves ductility (flexibility) of
concrete

Plain Concrete (without steel reif)

• - weak in tension/flexure 10-15
% of compression strength only.
• Brittle and breaks easily without
steel

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
Straight Rigid Steel bars are
embedded in concrete

• to increase overall strength

(compressive and tensile )

• improve ductility of concrete

https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrx.941LSFlzoklK02.Rwx.;_ylu=c2VjA2ZwLWF0dHJpYgRzbGsDcnVybA--/RV=2/
RE=1696701877/RO=11/RU=https%3a%2f%2fptop.only.wip.la%3a443%2fhttps%2fwww.researchgate.net%2ffigure%2fFigure-1-1-Prestressed-precast-
concrete-beam_fig1_349537216/RK=2/RS=kCQMdIrjnBUSJfryxSsW0RFLYxQ-
 Reinforced Concrete (RC) has
increased flexure or bending strength

most common building material due to its high strength , formability ,adaptability and low cost

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concrete-in-beam-1-after-fire-test_fig3_237467691
 LECTURE NO.1:
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

II. Reinforcing Steel Bars (REBARS)

1. PLAIN BARS
2. DEFORMED BARS WITH SIDE CORRUGATIONS TO
INCREASE BOND AND FRICTON.
3. WELDED WIRE FABRIC – cold drawn wires running in two
direction welded together at intersections. Used in pavements and
slabs.
Deformed Bar / Welded Wire
fabric
 LECTURE NO.1:
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

Various Sizes and Designation of REBARS in

the Philippines
Reinforcing bar designation
 Standard Lenghts
• The standard length of steel bars shall be
• 6.0,
• 7.5,
• 9.0,
• 10.5 and
• 12.0 metres
• What is Reinforced Concrete design?
• What are the deign Codes and Standards
used in Reinforced Concrete Design?
 NSCP
The National Structur
al
Code of the Philippine
s (NSCP) 2015 is a
comprehensive set of
regulations governing
the design,
construction, and
maintenance of
structures in the
Philippines
 LECTURE NO.1:
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

Two Design Methods Used in Reinforced

Concrete Design
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) – also Alternate Design Method.
Members are proportioned using service or Working loads. Strength
of material is based on Proportionality Limit of materials.
- Service load- summation of loads (DL+LL+EL+WL)
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) – also known as Strength
Design Method. Members are proportioned using ultimate loads or
overloaded service loads. Strength of material is based on Yield
Stress of materials.
- Ultimate loads - (DL+LL+EL+WL) x factor greater than 1
Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.45f′c
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES
FOR

FLEXURAL OR BENDING MEMBERS

(BEAMS)
U=1.2DL + 1.6 LL (basic ultimate load)
 LECTURE NO.1:
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

Three Categories of Loads Acting on Structures

1. Dead Loads – those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location
throughout the lifetime of structure. Examples are weight of structure itself,
floor fills, plastered ceilings, piping, and light fixtures. For bridges, dead
loads include wearing surfaces sidewalks and curbing, and other suspended
loads.
2. Live Loads – consists chiefly of occupancy loads for buildings and traffic
on bridges. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain
and are not known with precision.
3. Environmental Loads – consists mainly of snow loads, wind and suction
pressure, earthquake loads, soil pressure, hydraulic pressure, and force caused
by temperature differentials. All are live loads also.
STRUCTURAL LOADS
Service or working loads vs ultimate load

Service Load-The load which a structure is

expected to support under normal usage;

Ultimate Load- Service loads multiplied by

overload factors
Greater than 1

Ex. Dead load = 1.4

Live load= 1.7
Earthquake= 1.87
Wind Load = 1.7
Live Loads
 Material Strengths
• Concrete strength F’c

• And steel strength Fy

• Force Distribution in a Singly Reinforced
Concrete beam
• From the Figure ,

• the Nominal Moment Capacity (Mn) is …

 Strength Reduction Factors Ø
The purposes of Strength Reduction Factors are:
1. To take into consideration uncertainties in material
strengths.
2. Approximations in analysis.
3. Possible variations in dimensions of concrete, placement of
reinforcements and workmanship.
4. The Ø values also reflect the probable importance for the
survival of the structure for the particular member. A lower Ø
value indicates a greater importance in the structure.
NOTE THIS IS BASED ON OLD CODE (FOR REFERENCE
ONLY)

USE THE PREVIOUS SLIDE

• What is the design Basis or
Concept of the Ultimate Strength
Design (USD)
 LECTURE NO.1:
REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

Two Design Methods Used in Reinforced

Concrete Design
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) – also Alternate Design Method.
Members are proportioned using service or Working loads. Strength
of material is based on Proportionality Limit of materials.
- Service load- summation of loads (DL+LL+EL+WL)
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) – also known as Strength
Design Method. Members are proportioned using ultimate loads or
overloaded service loads. Strength of material is based on Yield
Stress of materials.
- Ultimate loads - (DL+LL+EL+WL) x factor greater than 1
Design Basis for Ultimate Strength Design and
Safety Provisions
The safety provisions of the ACI Code is in the form of the
Equation:
DESIGN STRENGTH ≥ ULTIMATE STRENGTH
Ø Sn ≥ U

Strength of Material ≥ Load x Ultimate Factors

In other words, the design strength ØSn of a structural member
must be greater or at least equal to the calculated Ultimate
Strength U with Load Factors.

They utilize strength reduction factors in the Strenght of materials

and Apply Overload factors in the Loads of buildings.

Ø Mn ≥ Mu
Ø Vn ≥ Vu
Ø Pn ≥ Pu
 Factored Load Combinations for Determining the
Required Strength (U)

Note this is based on the Old Code(just for your

reference)

*See also Factored Loads for Earth Pressure, Fluids, Impact, settlement, creep, shrinkage, and
temperature effects.
(Section 9.2 ACI Code)
Stress (Force) Diagram of a loaded
beam

Top Fibers above the

NA is subject to
compression and
bottom fibers are under
tension force

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Max Strain (deformation) values as
per ACI code
0.003-
0.0035
For
concrete
=0.003 to
0.0035
Concrete compression starts to crack
Concrete is “fully stressed “

0.00207

For steel
=0.00207
Steel reinf. Starts to attain the yield stress Fy
Steel is said to be “fully stressed”
(GR 60)
 Three types of RC beam Design Classifications
Based on the amount /percentage of steel reinforcement (As)
the beam has,

1. Balanced section

2. over-reinforced section
compression controlled
Brittle failure

3. under-reinforced section
Tension controlled
Ductile failure (recommended by the CODE)

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beams-react-to-being-bent
Balanced Beam Section 0.003 to 0.0035

• Extreme Concrete compression fiber

reaches maximum strain value of
0.003-0.0035
(fully stressed)

0.00207 (max)
SIMULTANEOUSLY (“FAILS “ AT SAME TIME)

• Steel reinforcement in tension zone

reaches maximum yield strain of
0.00207 for GR 60 (fully stressed)

The amount of steel corresponding to ( Asb )

balanced beam section is called Balance
Steel Area( Asb )
 To achieve a Balance Beam
Section use steel reinforcement
Asb

Asb = rx bb x d

rb = (0.85 f’c/ fy) b1 [600/(600+fy)] ( Asb )

[f’c and fy are in MPa (MN/m2)]

• Where b1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and

reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of f’c in excess of 4000

psi.
Over-reinforced beam sections (“more steel
provided than balance section”)
• Concrete in compression zone attains max. strain of 0.003
Concrete is fully stressed !!
0.003 to 0.0035
• but steel reinforcement has not yet reach its yield strain
NOT fully stressed, BEC. THERE IS TOO MUCH STEEL provided

Important Points:
• Amount of steel provided (As) is greater than balance section

(thus steel does not yield, too much steel provided )

Less than Fy m
Behavior:
• Sudden failure without enough warning (brittle concrete
failure)
• At the top fibers

• Not recommended in real practice because it is uneconomical

(excessive steel reinforcement ) which adds extra cost.
Over reinforced beam section failure
concrete at top fiber has failed already

steel reinforcement at the bottom is not fully stressed

in this type of beam concrete fails suddenly and without warning

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/balanced-under-over-reinforced-beam-sections/8904/
 to achieve Over reinforced Beam
Section, provide more steel than a
balance section
≥
Asb As

(As ≥ Asb ) too much steel

 Under-Reinforced sections (less steel is
• provided than
Steel in tension zonebalance)
reaches yield strain (fully
stressed!)
• Because less steel was provided
Less than 0.003
• Concrete in compression zone has not attained max
strain yet
(not yet fully stressed)

Important Points:
• Amount of steel provided As is less than balance section

Behavior: Fy=0.00207 max

• Undergoes Excessive deflection and elongation of steel at
bottom (tension failure)

• Large Cracks in concrete seen on bottom part of beam

Note:
• ACI Code Recommends Under reinforced section
 Under reinforced beam section failure
steel is fully stressed or yielding at the bottom of the beam
concrete at top is not yet fully stressed

there is Excessive deflection and cracking at bottom

This beam design provides ample warning to occupants before failure

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Based on the Old Code ,To achieve under
reinforced beam section,
provide lesser amount of steel than balance
section

As ≤ Asb

• rmax = 0.75rb. (max steel reinforcement to

achieve under reinforced)

rb =
(0.85f’c/fy) b1 [600/(600+fy)]
(As ≤Asb ) lesser steel to yield
• end