Grammar & Writing Review

CCCA2
 Learning Outcomes
By the end of this session, you should be able to:

• review challenging grammatical structures

• apply grammar rules accurately
• produce correct persuasive paragraphs.
 Outline
01 Types of Nouns Combining Clauses
05

Phrasal verbs Conditional type 0, 1,

02 06 and 2

Irregular Plural Nouns Persuasive Paragraph

03 07

Direct and Indirect

04
speech
1. Types of Nouns
Circle the correct option:
1. What is a common noun?
a) A noun that names specific items that are capitalized.
b) A noun that names general items.
c) A word that describes another word.
2. What is a proper noun?
a) A word that expresses actions.
b) A noun that names specific items.
c) A word that names general items.

3. What is the one difference between a common and proper noun?

a) Common nouns are capitalized.
b) Both common and proper nouns are capitalized.
c) Proper nouns are capitalized.
 5. What is a an example of a common noun?
a) Socks.=
b) White House
c) Google

6. What is a an example of a proper noun?

a) Dates
b) Dr. Smith
c) Thirteen
7. How many common nouns are in this sentence? “Shannon is writing a book entitled Common
Sense.”
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3

8. How many proper nouns are in this sentence? “Paris is one of the most
beautiful cities in Europe.”
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
9. A person, place, thing, or idea that can be seen, smelled, tasted, heard, or smelled is a/an _____ .
a) Concrete noun.
b) Abstract noun.

10. A person, place, thing or idea that is a emotion, feeling, quality, or characteristic is a/an _____ .
a) Concrete noun.
b) Abstract noun.

11. A collective noun is

a) Nouns that you can collect.
b) A noun used to describe a group of nouns.
c) All of the above.
Classify the underlined noun into concrete, abstract or collective noun :
1. Knowledge is power.
a) Abstract
b) Concrete
c) Collective
2. A pride of lions is seen from a distance.
a) Abstract
b) Concrete
c) Collective

3. A big crowd gathered to witness the event.

a) Abstract
b) Concrete
c) Collective
4. Let justice prevail.
a) Abstract.
b) Concrete.
c) Collective.

5. The choir is singing the New Year concert this year.

a) Abstract.
b) Concrete.
c) Collective.

6. New York is the city that never sleeps.

a) Abstract.
b) Concrete.
c) Collective.
 Types of Nouns
• Common nouns name any person, place, thing, or idea. They are not capitalized unless they come at
the beginning of a sentence.

• Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, things, or ideas. Proper nouns should always
be capitalized.

⮚ Don't forget to capitalize all parts of proper nouns. Many people forget to capitalize words
like river and county in proper nouns like Yellow River and Orange County.

• Concrete nouns are physical things that you can touch.

• Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you cannot touch. Abstract
nouns are ideas, concepts and feelings.

• Collective nouns denotes a group of individuals.

 2.Phrasal
verbs

An idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and another

particle, typically either an adverb, as in break down, or a
preposition, for example see to, or a combination of both,
such as look down on.
 Types of phrasal verbs

Verb + Adverb

● The structure of this type of phrasal verb is: verb+ adverb.

● These phrasal verbs can be:
✔ Transitive (direct object):
E.g. We will have to put off the meeting. (Postpone)
They turned down my offer. (Refuse)
✔ Intransitive (no direct object):
E.g. I don't like to get up. (Rise from bed)
He was late because his car broke down. (Stop working)

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 Verb + preposition

● This type of phrasal verb is also called a “prepositional verb”.

The structure of a prepositional verb is: verb + preposition.
● Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have
direct objects (ie they are transitive).
● E.g. He is looking after the dog. (Take care of)
● E.g. John is waiting for Mary. (Await)
 Verb + Adverb +
Preposition

● This type of phrasal verb is also called a “phrasal-prepositional verb”.

● The structure of a phrasal-prepositional verb is: Verb+ adverb+ preposition.
E.g. He doesn't get on with his wife. (Friendly relationship)
E.g. I look forward to seeing you. (Anticipate with pleasure)
E.g. We have run out of eggs. (Use up, Exhaust)
Use the following verbs (minister, pick, get, roll, look, put, switch, take,
throw,splash, try) and the prepositions (up, away, down, for, in, off, on,
out/ to) and form meaningful sentences
ministered to
● The nurse his wounds.
● -let's go to dinner and a show in town.
Splash out
-We can't afford to that much money for luxuries
Rolling up
● The money started , since they started their new business
during the pandemic .
Picked on
● Although the other kids rarely bullied him, Mark was constantly
by the other kids at school.

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3. Irregular Plural Nouns
Circle the correct option:
1. Which of the following is NOT an irregular pluralization pattern?
a) Changing '-us' to '-i‘.
b) Changing '-on' to '-a‘.
c) Adding ‘-s’ or '-es'.
2. How are 'house' and 'mouse' different in their plural forms?
a) 'House' is an irregular plural and 'mouse' is regular
b) 'Mouse' is an irregular plural and 'house' is regular
c) They are not different; both are regular

3. The plural of 'syllabus' is:.

a) Syllabi
b) Syllabus
c) Syllabises
4. Six ____ (mouse).
a) Mouses.
b) Mices.
c) Mice.

5. Several ____ (shelf).

a) Shelfs.
b) Shelfes.
c) Shelves.

6. ____ can bite.

a) Gooses.
b) Geeses.
c) Geese.
7. The farmer has a huge herd of ____.
a) Sheep
b) Sheeps
c) Sheepes

8. Many ____ like pizza.

a) Peoples
b) Persons
c) People

9. There are five ____ in my yard.

a) Deers
b) Deer
c) Dea
 Irregular Plural Nouns
• Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most nouns in the English language
do.

• There are hundreds of irregular plural nouns, and in truth, you must memorize them through reading and speaking.
There are, however, some common patterns to look out for.

⮚ Nouns ending in Singular (-f, -fe) Plural (-ves): wife-wives

⮚ Nouns Ending in Singular (-o) Plural (-oes): potato-potatoes
⮚ Nouns that change vowels Singular (-oo) Plural (-ee) or Singular (-an) Plural (-en): foot-feet/goose-geese
⮚ Nouns that change substantially: Singular (die) Plural (dice)
⮚ Nouns that do not change at all when made plural: Singular (fish) Plural (fish)

• Plurals of Latin and Greek words:

⮚ Nouns ending in Singular (-us) Plural (-i): cactus-cacti

⮚ Irregular formation of nouns ending in Singular (-is) Plural (-es): analysis-analyses
⮚ Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in Singular (-on) Plural (-a): phenomenon-phenomena
⮚ Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in Singular (-um) Plural (-a): datum-data
⮚ Irregular Formation of Nouns Ending in Singular (-ix) Plural (-ces, -xes): index-indeces/indexes
4.Direct vs
Indirect speech
 Direct vs Indirect speech

There are two ways of relating what a person has said : Direct
and Indirect speech
 ● We repeat the original speaker’s exact
words
He said, “I have lost my
umbrella.”
● The utterance (speech) is placed
between inverted commas, and a
01 Direct Speech comma is placed immediately before
the utterance.
● Direct speech is found in
conversations in books, in plays and
in quotations.
 ● In indirect speech we give the exact
meaning of an utterance or a speech,
without necessarily using the
speaker’s exact words
He said (that) he had lost
02 Indirect Speech
his umbrella.
● There is no comma(,) after say in
indirect speech. Indirect speech is
normally used when conversation is
reported verbally.
 My favourite film is on TV tonight. I
love comedies.

Mrs Brown said her favourite film was on TV

that night. She said that she loved comedies.
What has changed?
Her
My Personal
pronoun
She
I

I am Was
Verb Tense
Love Loved

Tonight That night Adverb of time

These changes are made only when the reporting verb is in the simple
past “Said”
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 Adverbs and Adverbials of Time
Direct speech Indirect speech
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day..
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time..
Next week/ year.. The following week/ year..
Last week/ year. The previous week/ year..
A year/ week….ago A year before/ the previous year

“I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said.----> He said he’d seen her two days before.
 Additional notes

But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary:
At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”. --->At breakfast this morning he
said that he would/will be very busy today.

here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:
At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”. ---> He said that he’d be there again the
next day.
Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, “You can sit here, Tom”. ---->She told Tom that he could sit beside her.
 Exercice
Change this direct speech into reported speech:
1. “He works in a bank” She said

She said that she worked in a bank.

2. “We went out last night” She told me

She told me that she had gone out the night before.
3. “I’m coming!” She said

She said that she was coming.

4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived” She told me
She told me that she had been waiting for the bus when he arrived.
5. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me (that) she would do the washing-up later
5. Combining Clauses
Circle the correct option:
1. Coordinating conjunctions join____ .
a) Two independent clauses.
b) A dependent and an independent clauses.
c) All of the above.
2. Subordinating clauses are ____ .
a) just like independent clauses.
b) dependent on independent clauses.
c) missing a subject or a verb.

3. Which of the following correctly lists the coordinating conjunctions?

a) for, and, nor, both, or, yet, so.
b) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
c) from, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
4. Which sentence has a subordinating conjunction?
a) I went to the store after I finished my homework.
b) I like kittens, but Deena likes puppies.
c) The weather is cool yet pleasant.

5. The students enjoyed the time off ____ wanted to see their friends.
a) yet
b) but
c) all of the above

6. ____ you have the time, why don’t you join me for dinner?
a) As long as
b) As soon as
c) Until
7. We’ll need to pick up some tools ____ you already have them.
a) only if
b) so that
c) unless

8. She must have been tired, ____ she fell asleep almost instantly.
a) and
b) for
c) because

9. He didn’t have lunch today ____ he was nervous for the audition.
a) because
b) as soon as
c) after
 Combining Clauses
• An independent clause is “a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete
thought.

•A dependent clause is “a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete
thought.

• Combining two independent clauses: coordinating conjunctions

Independent Clause (Comma) Coordinating Conjunction Independent Clause

• Combining independent clauses with dependent clauses: subordinating conjunctions

Independent Clause Coordinating Conjunction Dependent Clause

Or
Dependent Clause (Comma) Subordinating Dependent Clause
Conjunction
6. Conditionals : type 0 , 1 , and 2
 Conditional type 0 Conditional type 1 Conditional type 2

Form : Form : Form :

If clause : if + simple present If clause : if + simple present If clause : if +simple past
Main clause : simple present Main clause: simple future Main clause : would +
infintive
e.g. If it rains , the ground gets e.g. if you don’t hurry, you
wet. will miss the bus. e.g. If you went to bed earlier,
you wouldn't be so tired.
Use: Use: Use :
Conditional type 0 is used to Conditional type 1 is used to Conditional type 2 is used to
describe scientific facts and describe real and possible talk about hypothetical, unreal
general truths situations. or impossible situations in the
present.
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Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the given verb:

1.If you eat ( eat) a lot, you put on weight.

2.If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth (get) gets very dry.
3.If we go out (go out)with friends, we normally go to a restaurant.
4. If you don’t hurry up (hurry up), you won’t catch the bus.
5.I’ll carry on doing this work, if my boss (tell) tells me to do something
else.
6.We will stay (stay) at home if the weather improves.
7. If I had (have)more time, I’d xercise more.
8.If I were rich, I would spend (spend) all my time travelling.
9. If she saw (see)a snake, she’d be terrified.
10. You wouldn’t have to (not/have to) walk everywhere if you bought a
bike.
7. Persuasive Paragraph
Smoking should be prohibited in public spaces.
Supporting Points Examples
1. Smokers leave ashes, matches, and
cigarette butts on the ground.
1. Smoking is dirty.
2. People cough and hate the smell.
2. Smoking bothers other people.
3. Careless smokers cause building fires
3. Smoking is dangerous. and forest fires. Smoking kills people.

4. Smoking is a bad influence on young 4. If teenagers see young adults smoking

young people, they may think smoking is
people. cool and so they may try to smoke.

5. Smoking is bad for health. 5. Smoking causes throat and lung cancer.
Secondhand smoke is just as harmful as
firsthand smoke. Smoking causes heart
disease.
Put the sentences in order to make a persuasive paragraph.

9
When teenagers see young adults smoking, the teenagers may think it is cool and start a habit that is very difficult to quit. ___
10
Finally, above all else, smoking is bad for health. ___
It causes lung and throat cancer in people who inhale secondhand smoke. ___
3
Smokers leave their cigarette butts on the ground and drop their ashes anywhere. ___
1
Banning smoking from public spaces is a good policy for several reasons. ___
5
It smells horrible and causes other people to cough. ___
11
In conclusion, the ban on smoking is necessary to protect people. ___
6
More importantly, smoking is dangerous. ___
7
Careless smokers who throw away cigarettes sometimes cause building and forest fires. ___
2
First of all, smoking is a filthy habit. ___
8
Another reason to ban smoking in public places is the influence smoking has on teenagers. ___
4
Furthermore, smoking bothers other people. ___
Put the sentences in order to make a persuasive paragraph.

Banning smoking from public spaces is a good policy for several reasons. First of all, smoking is a filthy habit. Smokers

leave their cigarette butts on the ground and drop their ashes anywhere. Furthermore, smoking bothers other people. It

smells horrible and causes other people to cough. More importantly, smoking is dangerous. Careless smokers who throw

away cigarettes sometimes cause building and forest fires. Another reason to ban smoking in public places is the

influence smoking has on teenagers. When teenagers see young adults smoking, the teenagers may think it is cool and

start a habit that is very difficult to quit. Finally, smoking is bad for health. It causes lung and throat cancer in people who

inhale secondhand smoke. In conclusion, the ban on smoking is necessary to protect people.
 Persuasive Paragraphs
• Aim: an attempt to convince, or persuade, the reader that the opinion, or assertion, or claim, of the writer is correct or
valid.

• Structure:

⮚ P = Point: start your paragraph with a clear topic sentence that establishes what your paragraph is going to be
about. Your point should support your essay argument or thesis statement.
⮚E = Evidence/Example: use a piece of evidence or an example that helps to reaffirm your initial point and develop
the argument.
⮚E = Explain: explain exactly how your evidence/example supports your point, giving further information to ensure
that your reader understands its relevance.
⮚L = Link: finish the paragraph off, you need to link the point you’ve just made back to your essay question, topic,
or thesis.
Prewriting: The diagram strategy
 Building an Argument
⮚Your argument needs to flow. You can use these expressions to connect your thoughts.

To introduce your first point. •First of all,

•To start with,
To connect your points. •And,
•Furthermore,
To show relatively more important points. •More importantly,
•What’s more,
To show relatively your most important point. •Above all,
•Most of all,
To show your final point. •Finally,
To conclude your idea. •In conclusion,
•To conclude,
To introduce examples. •For example,
•For instance,
Proofreading
THANK YOU
Any questions?