Earthquake Resistant Design

Design Response
Spectrum
Lecture 4

M.Sc. in Earthquake
Engineering
 Ground Motion
Parameters

•Amplitude Parameters
•Frequency Content
Parameters
•Duration
•Other Ground Motion
Parameters
 Amplitude
Parameters
•Time History to describe ground
motion
•The motion parameters:
acceleration, velocity, displacement,
or all of three.
•Direct measurement of only one, and
others computed by
integration/differentiation.
•Different predominant frequencies in
the three time histories.
•Acceleration time history: significant
proportion of relatively high
frequencies
•Velocity time history: substantially
less high frequency motion
 Amplitude
Parameters
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
•The most commonly used measure of
the amplitude of ground motion
•The maximum resultant PGA is
obtained by taking the vector sum of
2 orthogonal components.
•Natural relationship to inertial
forces.
•The largest dynamic forces induced
in very stiff structures are closely
related to PGA.
•Vertical acceleration
 Amplitude
Parameters
Peak Velocity (PGV)
•Less sensitive to higher- frequency
components of the ground motion
•PGV more accurately characterizes
the ground motion at intermediate
frequencies.
•PGV may provide a much more
accurate indication of potential
damage to structures sensitive to
loading in intermediate-frequency
range (e.g., tall and flexible
buildings, bridges).
 Amplitude
Parameters
Peak Ground Displacement
(PGD)
•Generallyassociated with
lower-frequency components of
an earthquake motion
•Lesscommonly used as a
measure of ground motion than
PGA or PGV.
 Acceleration Time Histories
0.15

0.1 Iniital Acc

0.05
Acc (g)

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.5
0.4
0.3 Modified Acc
0.2
0.1
Acc (g)

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (sec)
 Velocity Time
Histories
15
10 Initial Vel
5
Acc (g)

0
-5
-10
-15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

40
30
Modified Vel
20
10
Acc (g)

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (sec)
 Displacement Time
Histories
5
4
3 Initial Dis
2
1
Acc (g)

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

15
10 Modified Dis
5
Acc (g)

0
-5
-10
-15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (sec)
 Frequency Content
Parameters
Frequency content describes how
the amplitude of ground motion is
distributed among different frequencies.
Ground Motion Spectra
Fourier Spectra 0

n

xt  c   c sin  t  
n n

n 1
A plot of cn versus n is known
as a Fourier amplitude Where, cn – amplitude, and n - phase
spectrum
A plot of n versus n is known as a
Fourier phase spectrum
 Fourier Amplitude
Spectra
Reference Modified
1 1

Reference Modified

0.1 0.1
Fourier Amplitude of Acc (g-sec)

Fourier Amplitude of Acc (g-sec)

0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001

0.0001 0.0001

0.00001 0.00001

0.000001 0.000001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
 Frequency Content
Parameters
Ground Motion Spectra
Power Spectra
Frequency content also
can be described by 1 2
G    cn
Power Spectral Density Td
Function (PSDF) or
Power Spectrum
Response Spectra
Response Spectrum
describes maximum
response of a SDOF
system to a particular
input motion.
 Ground Motion
Spectra

Fourier Spectra
A plot of cn versus 0

n n

xt  c   c sin  t  
n

n 1
wn is known as a
Fourier amplitude Where, cn – amplitude, and n - phase
spectrum
A plot of fn versus
wn is known as a
Fourier phase
spectrum
Fourier Amplitude
Spectra
 Fourier Amplitude
Spectra
•Narrow band: implies a dominant
frequency (or period), smooth
sinusoidal-type motion
•Broad band: rich (broad) frequency
content
 Fourier phase
spectrum
•The is a plot of n versus n
•Phase angles control the times at
which the peaks of harmonic
motion occur
•Fourier phase spectrum
influences the variation of ground
motion with time
•No characteristic shapes from
earthquake histories
 Power Spectrum
• ThePower Spectral Density Function
(PSDF) is defined by the following
equation and is closely related to the
Fourier amplitude spectrum: (It also
describes the Frequency content)
1 2
G    cn
Td
 Power Spectrum
The total intensity of a ground motion of S
I 0 at  dt
2
duration S is given in time domain by the area
under the time history of squared acceleration 0

n
1
• The total intensity also can be expressed in frequency  d
2
I0  c n

domain as 0

Where n is the Nyquist frequency (the highest frequency in n 


the Fourier series) t

 The average intensity l0 in time domain or 1

S
1 n 2

0  at  dt  cn d
2

frequency domain may be expressed as S0 S 0

n
 The power spectral density G(w), is defined such that  0  G  d
0
1 2
 Hence G    cn
S
Response Spectra
 Spectral Parameters
•Predominant
Predominant Period:
Period:
Period
Period of
of vibration
vibration
corresponding
corresponding to to the
the
maximum
maximum valuevalue of
of the
the
Fourier
Fourier amplitude
amplitude spectrum
spectrum
 Bandwidth:
Range of frequency over which some level of Fourier
amplitude is exceeded (usually measured at the level of
1/√2 times the maximum Fourier amplitude)
 Central Frequency, Shape Factor &
vmax/amax
 Other Ground Motion
Parameters
• RMS Acceleration: 1
S
arms  at 2 dt  0
S0
• Arias Intensity:
The Arias Intensity is closely 

2
2g 
Ia  [a (t )] dt
related to the RMS acceleration
0

• Response Spectrum
Intensity: 2.5
The Housner or response- SI ( )  PSV (T , )dT
spectrum intensity was 0.1
proposed as a measure of the
damage potential of an
earthquake, recognizing that
most structures have a
fundamental period in the
range from 0.1 to 2.5 seconds.
 Duration
Two definitions of strong-motion
duration are widely used in
earthquake engineering
– Bracketed duration: the time between
the first and last crossing of a
threshold acceleration, say 0.05g; the
figure below provides some
information on how this duration is
calculated. Proposed by Bolt.
– Interval between the times when 5%
and 95% of the total energy is
recorded. Proposed by Trifunac and
Duration
 Attenuation
Relationships
• Attenuation relationships relate ground
motion parameters to the magnitude of an
earthquake and the distance away from the
fault rupture.
• Relationships have been established for
many ground motion parameters including
– Peak ground acceleration
– Peak ground velocity
– Peak ground displacement
– Spectral quantities
 Attenuation
Relationships
Attenuation relationships are developed by
statistical evaluation of a large set of
ground motion data
– Relationships developed for different
regions and fault types (strike-slip
versus subduction) and interplate versus
intraplate.
– Relationships only as good as the data
set upon which they are based
– The greater the size of the data set, the
more robust the relationship
 Attenuation
Relationships
Campbell (1981):
ln PGA (g) = -4.141 + 0.868M – 1.09
ln [R + 0.0606 exp (0.7M)]; lnPGA =
0.37

Boore et al. (1993)

Joyner and Boore (1988)
Toro et al. (1994)
 Response of Structures to
Earthquake Ground Motions
Response of a SDOF with 1.0 sec
natural period Damping, ξ = 5%
Displacement Response Spectrum
Displacement Response Spectrum
Acceleration Response Spectra
Earthquake Records
Displacement Response Spectra
Damping, ξ = 5%
Acceleration Response Spectra
Damping, ξ = 5%
Frequency Content
Frequency Content
 Pseudo Spectral Acceleration

Average pseudo-acceleration spectra for different site conditions (Seed et al.)

Response Spectrum Nomenclature
Pseudo Spectral Acceleration
PSa = ω2Sd
Pseudo-spectral velocity
PSv = ωSd
4 – way Logarithmic Plot
PSA, PSV, SD vs. PGD, PGV, PGA
 Spectral Amplification Factors for
Horizontal Ground Motion
Newmark and Hall considered a number of earthquake records and
found statistical relationships between the amplitude of the spectral
quantities and the peak ground response