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MiD Sem Slides

The document covers electrochemical energy storage technologies, including fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, along with their characteristics and applications. It outlines course learning outcomes focused on evaluating and analyzing storage devices, understanding fuel cell design, and identifying research gaps in energy storage. Additionally, it includes evaluations, thermodynamic principles, and key equations related to electrochemical reactions and performance metrics.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views33 pages

MiD Sem Slides

The document covers electrochemical energy storage technologies, including fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, along with their characteristics and applications. It outlines course learning outcomes focused on evaluating and analyzing storage devices, understanding fuel cell design, and identifying research gaps in energy storage. Additionally, it includes evaluations, thermodynamic principles, and key equations related to electrochemical reactions and performance metrics.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrochemical

Energy Storage for


Stationary and
Mobility Applications
January 2025 Presented by
M. Ali Haider
Course Content

Electrochemical Cell

Electrochemical Storage Devices

Fuel Cells Battery Supercapacitor


Course Learning Outcomes
CLO1
CL01: Evaluate the characteristics of storage devices
CLO2
CL02: Critically analyze the relationship between battery characteristics,
degradation, and design optimal storage systems

CL03: Describe design and operation of fuel cell and its applications

CL04: Evaluate storage size and type for a particular requirement

CL05: Critically review literature, identify research gap and propose new
solutions in energy storage applications
Books
Software
Course Evaluation
Tutorials Presentation Term Paper
20% on Energy 30%

Storage
Devices
10%

Mid Term
15%

End Term
25%
Energy Transition

Fuel Cell Car

Internal Combustion Engine Car

Which one is more efficient?

Disclaimer: Pics taken from the web for education purpose


Gibb’s Free Energy and Electric Work

Maximum electric work that a system can perform at


constant temperature and pressure process is given by the
negative of the Gibbs Free Energy difference of the process.

Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Fuel Cell

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ∆𝐺
𝜂𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = =
𝑒𝑛𝑡h𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐h𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆ 𝐻
Chemical versus Electrochemical Reaction

Energy Storage: Robert A. Huggins


Pic: New Age Metals
Fuel Cells and Batteries

Energy Storage: Robert A. Huggins


Standard Electrode Potentials

• Convention: Standard
electrode potentials are
listed as a reduction
reaction, not oxidation

• The standard cell potential


(E°cell) is the difference
between the tabulated
reduction potentials of the
two half-reactions, not their
sum

www.chem.libretexts.org
Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
• A reference electrode whose potential is
defined as 0 V under standard conditions

• It consists of a strip of platinum wire in


contact with an aqueous solution
containing 1 M H+. The [H+] in solution is in
equilibrium with H2 gas at a pressure of 1
atm at the Pt-solution interface

• Protons are reduced or hydrogen


molecules are oxidized at the Pt surface
according to the following equation:

2H+(aq)+2e− ⇌ H2(g)

• Pt metal electrode is not consumed during


the reaction www.chem.libretexts.org
Standard Electrode Potential

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Determining Standard Electrode Potential Using Standard
Hydrogen Electrode
Zn(s)∣Zn2+(aq) ∥ H+(aq,1M)∣H2(g,1atm)∣Pt(s)
Cathode
2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) E°cathode = 0 V
Anode
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e− E°anode = −0.76 V
Overall
Zn(s)+2H+(aq)→Zn2+(aq)+H2(g)
E°cell=E°cathode−E°anode=0.76V
Although the reaction at the anode is an oxidation,
by convention its tabulated E° value is reported as
a reduction potential.
www.chem.libretexts.org
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Calculate the standard-state reversible potential for a direct methanol fuel cell.

CH3OH + 3/2 O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy
𝑎𝐴 +𝑏𝐵 ↔𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷

𝐾=
𝑐
[𝐶 𝐶 ] [ 𝐶 𝐷 ]
𝑑
∆ 𝐺=− 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾
𝑎 𝑏
[ 𝐶 𝐴] [ 𝐶 𝐵]

𝐾 =1 , ∆ 𝐺=0𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑


𝐾 >1 , ∆ 𝐺<0 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐾 <1 , ∆ 𝐺>0 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑
Fuel Cell: Current is the Reaction Rate

Assuming 100% fuel utilization, how much current


can a fuel cell produce if provisioned with 5 sccm
H2 gas at STP? Assume sufficient oxidant is also
supplied.

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Fuel Cell: Current and Fuel

A fuel cell operates for 1 hour at 2 A current load


and then operates for 2 more hours at 5 A current
load. Calculate the total number of moles of H2
consumed by the fuel cell over the course of this
operation. To what mass of H2 does this
correspond? Assume 100% fuel utilization

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Fuel Cell: Fuel Input and Output
Consider a H2/air fuel cell that generates 1000 kA and is
supplied with air at 20 mol/s. Find out the oxygen output flux
from the fuel cell.

Calculate also water generation rate (or hydrogen


consumption rate) for this fuel cell.

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Electrode Kinetics

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Electrode Kinetics

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
Electrical Potential Difference: Galvani Potential
Physical Chemistry: Atkins

Helmholtz Layer Model The Gouy-Chapman Model Stern Model


Interfacial Potential:
Galvani Potential

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Galvani Potential: Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Voltage

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Potential at Equilibrium

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Overpotential
When the cell is producing
current (that is, when a load
is connected between the
electrode being studied and
a second counter electrode)
the electrode potential
changes from its zero-
current value, E, to a new
value, E', and the difference
is the electrode’s
overpotential, η:
Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre
Change in Galvani Potential

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Activation Loss

Extracting a net current from a fuel cell requires sacrificing a portion of both the anode and cathode
Galvani potentials.
Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre
Activation Loss

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Butler-Volmer Equation
Tafel Equation

Fuel Cell Fundamentals, Ryan O’ Hayre


Current Density

The exchange current density of a Pt(s)I H2(g)I H+(aq)


electrode at 298 K is 0.79 mA cm-2. Calculate current
density when the overpotential is +5.0 mV is

Calculate the current through an electrode of total


area 5.0 cm2

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