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Simple Harmonic Motion

The document outlines the course content for Oscillatory Motion, including topics such as simple harmonic motion (SHM), energy in vibrating systems, and wave properties. It introduces key concepts like period, frequency, and angular frequency, along with the mathematical relationships governing SHM. The lecture emphasizes the characteristics of oscillatory motion and its applications in understanding waves and optics.

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3 views

Simple Harmonic Motion

The document outlines the course content for Oscillatory Motion, including topics such as simple harmonic motion (SHM), energy in vibrating systems, and wave properties. It introduces key concepts like period, frequency, and angular frequency, along with the mathematical relationships governing SHM. The lecture emphasizes the characteristics of oscillatory motion and its applications in understanding waves and optics.

Uploaded by

eniolazainab0205
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY10

4
Oscillatory
Motion
Lecture 1

Dr. Caleb Aborisade


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VIBRATION WAVES AND OPTICS (Course
Contents)
Simple harmonic motion (SHM). Energy in a vibrating system.
Damped SHM. Resonance and transients. Coupled SHM. Q values and
power response curves. Normal modes. Waves (types and properties
of waves as applied to sound). Transverse and longitudinal waves
(superposition, interference, diffraction, dispersion, polarization).
Waves at interfaces (energy and power of waves). The wave
equation. 2-D and 3-D wave equations. Wave energy and power.
Phase and group velocities. Echo and beats. The Doppler-effect.
Propagation of sound in gases, solids and liquids and their properties.
Optics: Nature and propagation of light. Reflection and refraction.
Internal reflection. Scattering of light. Reflection and refraction at
plane and spherical surfaces. Thin lenses and optical instruments.
Wave nature of light. Dispersion. Huygens’s principle (interference
and diffraction).
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Lecture Overview

1. Simple Harmonic Motion


2. Period and frequency
3.Angular frequency
4.Velocity in simple harmonic motion

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Introduction
A very special kind of motion occurs when the
force acting on a body is proportional to the
displacement of the body from some equilibrium
position. If this force is always directed toward
the equilibrium position, repetitive backand-forth
motion occurs about this position. Such motion is
called periodic motion, harmonic motion,
oscillation, or vibration (the four terms are
completely equivalent).

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Simple Harmonic Motion

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SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
Simple harmonic motion, occurs when
an object oscillates such that its position is
specified by a sinusoidal function of time
with no loss in mechanical energy. In real
mechanical systems, damping (frictional)
forces are often present.

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Simple Harmonic Motion
Consider a physical system that
consists of a block of mass m attached
to the end of a spring, with the block
free to move on a horizontal,
frictionless surface (as shown). When
the spring is neither stretched nor
compressed, the block is at the
position called the equilibrium position
of the system. We know from
experience that such a system
oscillates back and forth if disturbed
from its equilibrium position.
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Simple Harmonic Motion
We can understand the motion in figure above,
qualitatively by first recalling that when the block
is displaced a small distance x from equilibrium,
the spring exerts on the block a force that is
proportional to the displacement and given by
Hooke’s law

Because the force is always directed toward the


equilibrium position it is called a restoring force
and therefore opposite the displacement.
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Simple Harmonic Motion
If we applying Newton’s second law to the motion of
the block, together with equation (1) we obtain

That is, the acceleration is proportional to the


displacement of the block, and its direction is
opposite the direction of the displacement.

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Simple Harmonic Motion

Systems that behave in this way are said to


exhibit simple harmonic motion.

An object moves with simple harmonic


motion whenever its acceleration is
proportional to its displacement from some
equilibrium position and is oppositely
directed.

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Simple Harmonic Motion

If a particle moves along the x axis exhibits


simple harmonic motion when x, the particle’s is
placement from equilibrium, varies in time
according to the relationship

where A, ω, and φ are constants.

Equation (3) is the displacement versus time for


simple harmonic motion
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Simple Harmonic Motion
A the amplitude of the motion is the maximum
displacement of the particle in either the
positive or negative x direction.

The constant ω is called the angular frequency


of
the motion and has units of radians per second.

The constant angle φ, called the phase constant


(or phase angle), is determined by the initial
displacement and velocity |of
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Simple Harmonic Motion
The quantity is called the phase of the motion and is
useful in comparing the motions of two oscillators.

(a) An x–t curve for a particle undergoing simple harmonic


motion. The amplitude of the motion is A, the period is T, and
the phase constant is φ (b) The x–t curve in the special case in
which at and hence .
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Simple Harmonic Motion
From equation (3) the trigonometric function x is
periodic and repeats itself every time increases
by rad.

The period T of the motion is the time it


takes for the particle to go through one full
cycle. We say that the particle has made
one oscillation.

This definition of T tells us that the value of x at


time t equals thewww.tech-u.edu.ng
value of x at time .
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Period
The phase increases by 2π rad in a time T:

Hence, or

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Frequency
The inverse of the period is called the frequency
f of the motion. The frequency represents the
number of oscillations that the particle
makes per unit time:

The units of f are cycles per second , or hertz


(Hz).

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Angular frequency
Rearranging equation (5), we obtain the angular frequency:

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END OF
NOTE

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