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Hess Law

Hess's Law states that the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for a chemical reaction is constant, regardless of whether the reaction occurs in one or multiple steps. Exothermic reactions have a negative ΔH, while endothermic reactions have a positive ΔH, and thermochemical equations can include the heat involved in a reaction. The document also discusses properties of thermochemical equations, including their ability to be reversed and treated algebraically for calculations of ΔH.

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12 views12 pages

Hess Law

Hess's Law states that the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for a chemical reaction is constant, regardless of whether the reaction occurs in one or multiple steps. Exothermic reactions have a negative ΔH, while endothermic reactions have a positive ΔH, and thermochemical equations can include the heat involved in a reaction. The document also discusses properties of thermochemical equations, including their ability to be reversed and treated algebraically for calculations of ΔH.

Uploaded by

zarinoreygeanga
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hess’s Law

• An exothermic reaction at constant pressure has a negative change in


enthalpy – ΔH, while an
endothermic reaction at constant pressure has a positive change in
enthalpy + ΔH.
• For an exothermic reaction, the heat content of reactants is greater
than the heat content of the
products since heat is released. The value of ΔH < 0.
• For an endothermic reaction, the heat content of the products is
greater than the heat content of the
reactants because heat is absorbed. The value of ΔH > 0.
Thermochemical Equations
1. State that the heat released or absorbed when a reaction takes place
is an important and integral
part of the reaction, and could be indicated in the chemical equation.
An equation which shows the
heat involved is called a thermochemical equation.
An example is the thermochemical
equation for the combustion of glucose written as:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) —> 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH = -2805 kJ/mole
The thermochemical equation for the combustion of benzene
may be written as:
C6H6 (l) + 7 ½ O2 (g) —> 3 H2O (l ) + 6 CO2 (g) ΔH = - 3269
kJ/mole
Or
C6H6 (l) + 7 ½ O2 (g) —> 3 H2O (l ) + 6 CO2 (g) + 3269 kJ
The reaction is exothermic since heat is produced by the
reaction.
The thermochemical equation for the decomposition of ammonia, NH3
may be written as:
NH3 (g) —> 3/2 H2 + 1/2 N2 (g) ΔH = 29.61 kJ
Or
NH3 (g) + 29.61 kJ —> 3/2 H2 + 1/2 N2 (g)
The decomposition of ammonia is an endothermic reaction, as such
requires the supply o f h e a t
to decompose ammonia. Note that 29.61 kJ of heat are required to
decompose 1 mole of
ammonia. The reaction is endothermic. The heat content of the
products is greater than the heat content of the reactants.
Hess’ s law
Enthalpy is a state function, that the magnitude of ΔH does
not depend on the path reactants take to from product. This
means that chemical reactions can be carried out in one or
several steps. In both cases, the net change is the same.
Illustrate this by giving an example.
We can burn carbon directly to carbon dioxide.
C (s) + O2(g) —> CO2 (g) ΔH = - 393.509 kJ
Or we can do it in two steps: carbon-to-carbon monoxide,
then carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
C (s) + ½ O2 (g) —> CO (g) ΔH = - 110.524 kJ
CO (g) + ½ O2 (g) —> CO2(g) ΔH = - 282.985 kJ
_______________________________________
C (s) + O2 (g) —> CO2 (g) ΔH = - 393.509 kJ/mol
Hess’s law

Hess’s Law states that the change in enthalpy for any chemical reaction is
constant, whether the reaction occurs in one or several steps.
Thermochemical calculations
1. Discuss the properties of thermochemical equations. Give examples
that illustrate calculating ΔH
based on these properties .
Thermochemical equations possess two properties:
a. They may be reversed.
b. They may be treated as algebraic expressions, and therefore, maybe
added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided by a factor.
Consider these properties of thermochemical
equations.
A. Reversing thermochemical equations
When an equation is reversed, the sign of ΔH is also
reversed.
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) —> H2O (l) ΔH = -286 kJ
H2O (l) —> H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = +286 kJ
This means that the heat involved in the formation of 1
mole of H2O (l), is equal to the amount of
heat required to decompose 1 mole of liquid water.
B. Thermochemical equations may be added or subtracted as though
these are algebraic equations.
Consider this problem:
Calculate the heat of formation of methane (CH4).
The equation involved is C (s) + 2 H2 (g) —> CH4 (g) ΔH = ?
The thermochemical equations for the combustion of these species
are;
a. CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) —> CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ΔH = - 890.4 kJ
b. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) —> 2H2O (l) ΔH = - 571.5 kJ
c. C (s) + O2 (g) —> CO2 (g) ΔH = - 393.7 kJ
Solution:
To solve the problem, combine equations (a), (b), and (c) so that when added,
everything cancels out except the formulas in the desired equation, the
formation of methane.
Note that in the desired chemical equation, CH4 is on the product side, thus
equation (a) needs to be reversed.

When done, the sign of ΔH must also be reversed.

CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ΔH = 890.4 kJ


Add the three equations, cancelling terms that appear on both sides:
CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) —> CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ΔH = 890.4 kJ
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) —> 2H2O (l) ΔH = - 571.5 kJ
C (s) + O2 (g) —> CO2 (g) ΔH = - 393.7 kJ

C (s) + 2 H2 (g) —> CH4 (g) ΔH = - 74.8 mol/kJ

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