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CH-1

The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, detailing their functions, evolution, and types. It explains that microprocessors are programmable devices that process binary data and perform tasks such as data transfer and arithmetic operations. Additionally, it covers the development of various Intel microprocessors from the 4004 to the Pentium and discusses the classification of microprocessors based on their instruction sets.

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2 views

CH-1

The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, detailing their functions, evolution, and types. It explains that microprocessors are programmable devices that process binary data and perform tasks such as data transfer and arithmetic operations. Additionally, it covers the development of various Intel microprocessors from the 4004 to the Pentium and discusses the classification of microprocessors based on their instruction sets.

Uploaded by

shumetyeserah8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Gondar

Collage Informatics
Department of Computer Science
Course title :Microprocessor and assembly
language
Chapter one(1)
Introduction to μp

By :Getaneh T.
Outline
 Introduction
 How it work
 Evolution
 Feature Evolution
 Assembly language
Introduction to μp
 A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated μp) is a digital
electronic component with transistors on a single
semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
 It is multipurpose, programmable and register based electronic
device that accept binary data as input and process the data
according to the input and provide the result as result.
 In simply way, it is controlling unit of micro computer ,
fabricated on small chip capable of performing ALU operations
and communicating with the other device connected it.
Cont…
Cont.…

 It is set of swatch’s.
 In computer memory and processing bit refers to the state
of one switch.
 Integrated circuit (IC) that contains the entire central
processing unit of a computer on a single chip.
Cont.…
 CPU (central processing unit).
 The controlling element in a computer system.
 Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored in
memory, executed by the microprocessor
 An instruction is a single operation of a
processor defined by processor instruction
set.
Cont..
 Microprocessor performs three main tasks:
 Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O
systems
 Simple arithmetic and logic operations processing
 Program flow via simple decisions
 Power of the microprocessor is capability to execute
billions of instructions per second from a program or
software (group of instructions) stored in the memory
system.
 stored programs make the microprocessor and computer system
very powerful devices.
Cont..
Cont.…
The Microprocessor Age(Evolution)
 Each microprocessor age differ form another
depends on the following:-
 The number of instruction thy can
process within in given time.
 The clock speed

 The number of bit used per


instruction.
 Each microprocessor identified by word size of
the data.
Cont.…
Intel 4004(16):
First microprocessor developed at Intel Corporation in 1971.
4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller on a chip.
Instruction set contained 45 instructions.
It Executed instructions at 50 KIPs (kilo-instructions per second).
Main problems with 4004 microprocessor were speed, word width,
and memory size(640 byte) .
Evolution of 4-bit microprocessor ended when Intel released the
4040, an updated 4004.
 operated at a higher speed; lacked improvements in word
width and memory size
Cont…
Intel 8008(18):
extended 8-bit version of 4004/4040 microprocessor
It has 16K bytes memory address.
Contained additional instructions, 48 totals.
Provided opportunity for application in more advanced
systems.
Intel 8080(40:1973):
It is first of the modem 8-bit microprocessors
It is addressed four times more memory than 8008.
64 K byte memory size(4 times)
Executed additional instructions; 10x faster.
Cont…
Intel 8085(1977):
It is updated version of the 8080.
Last 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor developed by
Intel.
Slightly more advanced than 8080; executed software at an
even higher speed.
 769,230 instructions per second vs 500,000 per
second on the 8080).
It has high level of component integration reduced the
8085’s cost and increased its usefulness
Cont…
Intel 8086 and 8088:
Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.

 executed instructions in as little as 400 ns (2.5


millions of instructions per second)
 major improvement over execution speed of 8085
It has 1M byte of memory address.

Higher speed and larger memory size allowed 8086 & 8088 to
replace smaller minicomputers in many applications.
Cont…
Intel 80286:
Updated versions of 8086/8088
Almost identical to the 8086/8088.
 addressed 16M-byte memory system instead of a 1M-byte
system
Intel 80386
Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds, more
memory, and wider data paths(32 bit).
first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-bit data bus and
32-bit memory address.
16 M byte memory size.
Cont…
Intel 80486
In 1989 Intel released the 80486.
Highly integrated package.
80386-like microprocessor
1G memory size
The Pentium Microprocessor
Introduced 1993, Pentium was similar to 80386 and 80486
microprocessors.
Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
It operated with high speed(110 MIPS)
Memory system up to 4G bytes
It was 32 bit microprocessor.
Cont…
Pentium Pro Processor
A recent entry, formerly named the P6.
It is 32 bit microprocessor.
4 GB memory size.
Itanium processor
64 bit word size
64 GB memory size
More faster processing speed.
It contain a lot of transistor.
Cont…
The Future of Microprocessors evolution
 No one can make accurate predictions.
 The process speed will get more faster
 The memory will get more large
 Architecture will get more efficient
Types of Microprocessor
Based on the instruction set microprocessors are classified into:
I.RISC — Reduced Instruction Set Computing.
 These types of processors are commonly used in air
conditioners.
 Executes one instruction per clock.
II.CISC — Complex Instruction Set Computing.
 The types of processors are used in desktops, laptops and
servers.
 Refers to number and complexity of instructions
 Improvements was: Multiply and Divide
 The number of instruction increased from 45 to more than
20,000
Cont…
Assembly language
Assembly language
A programming language that uses symbolic names to
represent operations, registers and memory locations.
Slightly higher-level language.
Readability of instructions is better than machine language
One-to-one correspondence with machine language
instructions
Assemblers translate assembly to machine code.

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