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Networking fundamentals (1)

The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software, emphasizing the OSI Reference Model, which is a standardized network architecture consisting of seven layers. Each layer has specific functions, from the Physical Layer that transmits bits to the Application Layer that supports software applications. It also contrasts the OSI model with Internet protocols, noting the absence of certain layers in the latter.

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Kumar M S
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0 views

Networking fundamentals (1)

The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software, emphasizing the OSI Reference Model, which is a standardized network architecture consisting of seven layers. Each layer has specific functions, from the Physical Layer that transmits bits to the Application Layer that supports software applications. It also contrasts the OSI model with Internet protocols, noting the absence of certain layers in the latter.

Uploaded by

Kumar M S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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26th December 2022

CYBER CRIME

AWARENESS
OF
TECHNOLOGY
CYBER SECURITY
M.S. KUMAR
IT & ICT Consultant
COMPUTER – Commonly Operated Machine
Particularly Used for Trade, Education & Research

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case,
central processing unit, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage,
graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is the
set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Software is a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to work. This is in


contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work.
OSI Reference Model
 OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised network
architecture.
 OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems, i.e.
systems open for communications with other systems.
 Specified in ISO 7498.
 Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer  Layers 1-4 relate to
Layer 6 Presentation Layer communications
technology.
Layer 5 Session Layer
 Layers 5-7 relate to
Layer 4 Transport Layer user applications.
Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary


Layer 7: Application Layer
 Level at which applications access network services.
 Represents services that directly support software applications for file
transfers, database access, and electronic mail etc.
Layer 6: Presentation

Layer
Related to representation of transmitted data
 Translates different data representations from the Application layer into
uniform standard format
 Providing services for secure efficient data transmission
 e.g. data encryption, and data compression.
Layer 5: Session Layer
 Allows two applications on different
computers to establish, use, and end a
session.
 e.g. file transfer, remote login
 Establishes dialog control
 Regulates which side transmits, plus when and
how long it transmits.
 Performs token management and
synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
 Manages transmission packets
 Repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for
transmission
 Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original message.
 Handles error recognition and recovery.
 Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery.
 Resends missing packets
Layer 3: Network Layer
 Manages addressing/routing of data within the
subnet
 Addresses messages and translates logical
addresses and names into physical addresses.
 Determines the route from the source to the
destination computer
 Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing,
and controlling the congestion of data packets.
 Routing can be:
 Based on static tables
 determined at start of each session
 Individually determined for each packet, reflecting
the current network load.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
· Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical,
structured packets for data).
· Provides reliable transmission of frames
· It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer.
· Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement not received
Layer 1: Physical Layer
 Transmits bits from one computer to
another
 Regulates the transmission of a stream of
bits over a physical medium.
 Defines how the cable is attached to the
network adapter and what transmission
technique is used to send data over the
cable. Deals with issues like
 The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts
represents a 1, and how long a bit lasts?
 Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
 How many pins a connector has, and what the
Internet Protocols vs OSI
 Explicit
Application
Presentation and
Presentation Application session layers
Session missing in
Internet Protocols
Transport TCP
 Data Link and
Network IP
Network Layers
Data Link Network Interface redesigned
Physical Hardware

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