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TOS-Lecture-2

The document outlines the principles of structural theory, focusing on the classification of structures and various load types, including dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. It emphasizes the importance of structural analysis in determining the design and safety of structures, utilizing methods like Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Additionally, it presents problems related to structural loads and design calculations for practical application.

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roginald12
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

TOS-Lecture-2

The document outlines the principles of structural theory, focusing on the classification of structures and various load types, including dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads. It emphasizes the importance of structural analysis in determining the design and safety of structures, utilizing methods like Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Additionally, it presents problems related to structural loads and design calculations for practical application.

Uploaded by

roginald12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURAL

THEORY
LECTURE
PREPARED BY: ENGR ELEZAR MONTEMAYOR
STRUCTURAL THEORY

• Structure – refers to a system of connected parts used to


support a load. Important examples related to civil engineering
include buildings, bridges and towers; and in other branches of
engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels,
mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures are
important.

• Theory of Structures – deals with the principles and methods by


which direct stresses, shear and bending moment at any section
of a structure may be found under given conditions of loading.

• Importance of Theory of Structures – it is the basis of the


design or determination of sizes of the structural members.
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
(PLANNING
PHASE)
CLASSIFICATION OF
STRUCTURES
• Tension Structures
• Compression Structures
• Trusses
• Bending Structures
• Shear Structures
TYPES OF BEAMS ACCORDING TO SUPPORT
CONDITION
LOADS ON STRUCTURES

• DEAD LOADS
• LIVE LOADS
• IMPACT
• WIND LOADS
• SNOW LOADS
• EARTHQUAKE LOADS
• HYDROSTATIC & SOIL LOADS
• THERMAL & OTHER EFFECTS
LOAD COMBINATION

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Load and Resistance Factor


methods include both the material Design (LRFD) - Since
and load uncertainties into a single uncertainty can be considered
factor of safety. The many types of using probability theory, there
loads discussed previously can has been an increasing trend to
occur simultaneously on a separate material uncertainty
structure, but it is very unlikely from load uncertainty. This
that the maximum of all these method is called strength
loads will occur at the same time. design or LRFD. For example,
For example, both maximum wind to account for the uncertainty
and earthquake loads normally do of loads, this method uses load
not act simultaneously on a factors applied to the loads or
structure. For allowable-stress combinations of loads.
design the computed elastic stress
in the material must not exceed
the allowable stress for each of
DEAD LOADS

• Dead loads consist of the weights of the various


structural members and the weights of any
objects that are permanently attached to the
structure
DEAD LOADS
LIVE LOADS

• Live loads are loads of varying magnitudes


and/or positions caused by the use of the
structure
(ENGLISH)

(
𝐿=𝐿𝑂 0.25+
4.57
)
√ 𝐾 𝐿𝐿 𝐴𝑇
(METRIC)
LIVE LOADS

(ENGLISH)

(S.I)

• L =reduced design live load per square foot or


square meter of area supported by the
member.
• = Unreduced design live load per square foot or
square meter of area supported by the member
• = Live load element factor , for interior column
=4
• = Tributary Area
LIVE LOADS
WIND LOADS

• Wind loads are produced by the flow of wind


around the structure. The magnitudes of wind
loads that may act on a structure depend on
the geographical location of the structure,
obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as
nearby buildings, and the geometry and the
vibrational characteristics of the structure itself
WIND
LOADS
WIND LOADS

𝑝=𝑞𝐺 𝐶 𝑝 −𝑞 h (𝐺 𝐶 𝑝𝑖 )

• ph =design wind pressure at height h


• h =mean roof height above ground; qh =velocity
pressure at height h
• G = gust effect factor; and Cp = external pressure
coefficient
• = internal pressure coefficient
• For a rigid structure, whose fundamental frequency
is greater than or equal to 1 Hz., G= 0.85
WIND LOADS

• ph =design wind pressure at height h


• h =mean roof height above ground; qh
=velocity pressure at height h
• G = gust effect factor; and Cp = external
pressure coefficient
• For a rigid structure, whose fundamental
frequency is greater than or equal to 1 Hz., G=
0:85
NSCP 2015
WIND LOADS

(lb/ft2)
(N/m2)
• qz is the velocity pressure at height z in N/m2
• V is the basic wind speed in m/s
• I is the importance factor
• Kz is the velocity pressure exposure coefficient;
• Kzt is the topographic factor (for flat surface
Kzt=1)
• Kd is the wind directionality factor (for windload
only use kd=1)
• Zg = gradient height in meters; and α=power
law coefficient.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS

• An earthquake is a sudden
undulation of a portion of
the earth’s surface
• It is the horizontal
component of ground
motion that causes
structural damage and that
must be considered in
designs of structures
located in earthquake-prone
areas
HYDROSTATIC AND SOIL
PRESSURE
• Structures used to retain
water, such as dams and
tanks, as well as coastal
structures partially or fully
submerged in water must
be designed to resist
hydrostatic pressure
NSCP 2015
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 2
PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 4

• The floor system of a building consists of a 15-cm-thick


reinforced concrete slab resting on four steel floor beams,
which in turn are supported by two steel girders, as shown in
Fig. 2.1(a). The cross-sectional areas of the floor beams and
the girders are 94.8 cm2 and 337.4 cm2, respectively.
Determine the dead loads acting on the beams CG and DH
and the girder AD.
PROBLEM 5

• A two-story office building shown in the photo has interior


columnsthat are spaced 22 ft apart in two perpendicular directions.
If the (flat) roof loading is 20lb/ft2 determine the reduced live load
supported by a typical interior column located at ground level.
PROBLEM 6

• Wind blows on the side of a fully enclosed


hospital located on open flat terrain in Arizona.

the windward wall, which has a height of 30 𝑓𝑡.


Determine the external pressure acting over

The roof is flat. 𝑉 = 120 𝑚𝑝ℎ.


PROBLEM 7

• The enclosed building shown in the photo and


in Fig. 1–13a is used for storage purposes and is
located outside of Chicago, Illinois on open flat
terrain. When the wind is directed as shown,
determine the design wind pressure acting on
the roof and sides of the building using the
NSCP Specifications. V=270kph

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