Grammar( verb)

Verb:

 Is a word shows an action or state of being in the sentence.

Ex:
We go to school.
I dreamed a lot.
 they are divided into two parts:
1. Auxiliary verbs
2. Ordinary verbs
Auxiliary verbs:

 Are those which are used to help in forming tenses and some of them
can be used as both auxiliary and ordinary verbs.
 Note: they can not stand alone.
( has , have, did, do, does , am , are, is, was, ,were , can ,could, should ,
shall, must, ….)
 they are divided into three parts:
1. Principle auxiliary verb
2. Modal auxiliary verb
3. Semi modal auxiliary verb
Principle auxiliary verbs:

 These verbs from the main part of auxiliary verbs.

 ( am, is , are, was, were, be, been, do , does, did, have, has, had)
 divided into three parts:

 To be verbs : was , were, be, been, am , is , are

 Ex: she is working .
 EX: I am happy today.
 Note: when we use to be verbs at the beginning of a sentence it
makes it interrogative and when we wish to make it negative we put
a not after them.
 To do verbs: do , does, did
 Do = I ,we ,you ,they
 Does = she , he , it
 did = past

 to have verbs: have, has, had

Have= I we you they
Has= he, she ,it
Had=…
Modal auxiliary verbs:

 (Can , could, shall , should, will, would , may, might, must.)

 Modal auxiliary verbs do not have past participle forms.
 They are not used in continuous form
 They can not be used as the main verb.
Can– could
 I can play piano.
 I could play piano.

 Note:
We use can or could to ask people to do things.
Ex:
Can you tell me about yourself?
 Note:
To ask for something, we can use
Ex: can I have your pen?
Could I have the book please?
 Note :
To offer to do something …
Ex: Can I get you a drink?
May- might
 Ex:
I may participate to the class.
 negative form +not
Ex:
I may not participate to the class tonight
 Note: when ( may) is placed at the beginning of the sentence show
permission and request.
Ex:
May I come in?
May I have a glass of water?.
Shall-will

 Ex:
He will come here tonight.

 Offering to do something .
 Ex:
That bag looks heavy. I will help you with it.
 agreeing to do something
Ex: can you help me?
Sure, I will help you.
 Asking someone to do something
 Ex:
Will you repeat your example?
Should- would
 Should and would are used in the past form of shall and will, and
should also shows an advice.
Ex:
I would go to see her, if I had time.

 You should done/ not something:

Ex: Husna should do her daily activity every day.

 When we imagine a situation or action ( would)

Ex:
It would be nice to travel around the world.
 You should not( shouldn’t) have done something
Ex:
She should not go out side alone.
I am felling sick today. I should not have eaten those foods.
 we use would/ wouldn’t when we imagine a situation or action
Ex:
It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can not afford it.
I would love to live by the sea.
I would love to by a house close to calss.
 we use would have done when we imagine a situation or action In
the past.
 Ex: I would have studied harder, if I knew i am going to get visa to
my dream country.
 To offer something to someone ( would)
Ex:
would you like to have a Coffee?
Would you help me?
Would you mind sharing your food?
Note :
We do combine would with the other words like please, mind in order to
make a polite request.
Ex:
Would you please send the slides?
Would you mind to give us more information about the class ?
Would you go with me for shopping please
Ought to

 It expresses a stronger command than ”should”.

Ex:
You ought to study more.(70)
You should study more.(40)
You must study more. (100)
Must:
 Must shows the strongest command.
 Note:
In other tenses ( have to, has to, and had to) are being used instead of must.
Ex:
I must teach you.
You must study.
The government that you must pay extra 200 Afghani for four electricity bill
Note:
(Have to) could be used in both future tense and past tense, but (must )could
not.
Ex:
You arrived late. You must took a taxi.
You had to take a taxi.

you have to done your home work.

Have to , has to , go to, had to ……………… must
 Example:
They Can not fix my car, so I will have to go somewhere else. ( I will
must go somewhere else)

We did not have much money, so we have to not spend a lot.

I have a ball
I have to have a ball.
I have to play football.
I have bought a ball.
Semi modal auxiliary verbs :
 Dare
 Need
 Used to

Ex:
I dare to go to clinic by myself.
Did I dare you to do something?
I dare not to got to clinic by myself.
We need to give them some money.
I used to play piano.
Used to:
 I used to cook a lot, but I do not do it anymore.
 I used to stay awake with my friends.

Note:
If it is used with ( to be verb) followed by “ing” form of the verb shows a
habit.
Ex:
We did not use to have a lot of gusts.
Note:
Used to share my problems with my family.
Main verb( ordinary verb)

 Are those which show the main action and can stand alone.
 Ex: go, help , come, drive, cry, ……

 Divided into two parts:

 Transitive verb
 Intransitive verb
Transitive verb:

 Transitive verbs are those which need an object themselves.

Ex:
They need …. They need a car/ they need a supporter and a boss.
she played … she played piano/ she played a game.
Intransitive verb:

 Are those which do not need any object they can express a complete
a thought or meaning.
 Ex:
He is laughing.
The birds fly.
Regular and irregular verbs :

 A verb has three forms :

 Simple- past- past participle
Ex:

Go went gone
Regular verbs:

 Are those which form their past form and past participle forms taking
(d) or(ed) at the end of simple form.
Ex:
Agree , agreed, agreed
Rules of adding “d” or “ed”

 1- at the end of regular verbs ending in “e” or ”ee” only “d” is added.
 Ex:
Lie lied , lied
Agree agreed , agreed
Arrive arrived , arrived
 2- one syllable regular verbs ending in one consonant except
( w ,x ,y) preceded by a vowel double the last consonant and add
“ed”.
 Ex:
Stop stopped stopped
Drop dropped dropped
Beg begged begged
 3- regular verbs ending in “y” and before “y” if there is one or two
consonant
change the last “y” into “I” that add “ed”.
Ex:
Carry carried carried
Try tried tried

 4- regular verbs ending in “y” and before “y” if there is a vowel , add
“ed” without any changes.
Ex:
Enjoy enjoyed enjoyed
Paly played played
 5- regular verbs ending in “c” if “c” sounds like “k” first add the letter
“k” then add “ed”.
 Ex:
Mimic mimicked mimicked
Picnic picnicked picnicked

 6- without mentioned rules all the other regular verbs take “ed” at
the end of them.
 Ex:
Walk walked walked
Clean cleaned cleaned
Pronunciation rules of “d” or “ed” at
the end of regular verbs:
 Verbs ending in sounds like k,s,t,f,p the added “ed” or “d” is always
pronounced like “t”.
 Ex:
Drop dropped
Pass passed
Pack packed
 Verbs ending in sounds like “t” or “d”, the added “d” or “ed” is
pronounced like “id”.
 Ex:
Want wanted
Visit visited
Request requested
Divide divided
Explode exploded
 Except all the rules other verbs added “ d” or “ed” is pronounced like
“d”.
 Ex:
Open opened
Love loved
Irregular verbs:

 Are those verbs which do not have any special rule.

Ex:

Cut cut cut

Do did done
Go went gone
Eat ate eaten
Com came com