68000

Microprocessor

Part 1
 Chapter Outline

68000 Architecture

Programmer’s Model of the 68000 Functional

Description of the 68000 68000 Data Organization

68000 Instruction Types

Advantages of 68000
 Microprocessor is a complex
microcircuit (integrated circuit)
or set of chips that carries out
the functions for the processor
The of an information technology
system.

68000
Architect
ure It contains a control unit (and
clock), an arithmetic and logic
unit, the necessary registers,
links to main store and to
peripherals.
 The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

Microprocessor system block diagram

The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

• Bus System
• All components communicate via the system bus.
• There are three types of buses: address bus, data bus and control bus

• single direction (1 way) bus

• transfer the address data code to memory or devices
• bidirectional (2 ways) bus
transfer data to/ from the
CPU
• Control all the activities of
the elements
The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– Heart of the system
– Master controller for all operations that can be performed
– It contains three main parts:
• ALU: to process mathematic operations (plus,
minus, multiply, divide, etc.)
• Register: storage unit for storing information
• Control and Timing: To control the operations of
CPU
 The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

• Memory
– Function: To store/hold program and data that needed
by microprocessor
– Operations: To read information from it, or writing
information to it

Read and write operation

 The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

Memory classification by technology

 The 68000 Architecture
(Cont..)

• RAM (Random Access Memory) • ROM (Read Only Memory)

•Volatile •Non Volatile

•Temporary storage where the •Retain data even with the absence
information will lose when power off of power

•Read & Write •Read

•Flexible for being read or written •Can be read, but not write. ROMs
via software are programmed once (with
assistance of hardware)

•Operation •Operation
•RAM is the main memory of the •ROM defined as read only random
computer that holds the programs and access memory. It is used by the
information being processed. Usually computer to get started from power on
is used to store temporary data (boot up). It includes BIOS (basic
input/output system)
Programmer’s Model of
the 68000
The 68000 microprocessor
comprises:
-8 Data register (D0 – D7)
-8 Address register (A0 –
A7)
-Program counter (PC)
-Status register (SR)
 Programmer’s
Model of the 68000
(Cont..)

• Data registers
• Data register is used to hold data temporarily for the use in processing.
Each registers can be accessed for byte operands (0-7), word operands (0-
15 bits) or long-word operands (0- 31bits).
• Function: Used to store information within the 68k uP itself
• Address registers
• Address register are not provided for storage of data for processing. Instead,
they are meant to store address information. Although every registers contain
32 bits, only the lower 24 bits are used to access memory. Therefore, the
address range is 224 (16M) byte.
• Function: Used to store the location where data can be founded outside the
processor. Ex: external memory chip. A7 usually is used to execute subroutine
 Programmer’s
Model of the 68000
(Cont..)

• Program Counter
• Even though the program counter (PC) is shown as 32 bits,
there only 24 bits are used in addressing memory.
• Function: Hold the memory address of the next instruction to
be executed

• Stack Pointer
• The stack pointer (SP) is A7 on the 68000. Typical use of the stack
is to save the program counter when branching to a subroutine.
 Programmer’s Model of
the 68000 (Cont..)

• Status Register
 Programmer’s Model
of the 68000 (Cont..)

• Condition Code Register (CCR)

• Bit 0, Carry (C)
• The carry flag bit is set to a logic 1 if there is a carry out of the most significant bit of the result or
the result exceeds 0-255; otherwise C = 0.
• Bit 1, Overflow (V)
• The overflow flag is set to a logic 1 if the result exceeds +127 or –128 (byte operation); otherwise
V = 0.
• Bit 2, Zero (Z)
• The zero flag is set to a logic 1 when the result is 0 (that is each bit of the register of memory
location is 0); otherwise Z = 0. Thus, if the result is 0 then Z = 1.
• Bit 3, Negative (N)
• If the most significant bit of the result is a logic 1, then N = 1; otherwise N = 0. The most significant
bit of an 8-bit register or memory location is bit 7. The most significant bit of a 16-bit register is bit
15.
• Bit 4, Extend (X)
• The extend bit is used in multi precision arithmetic operations. Usually X
• = C.
 Programmer’s
Model of the
68000 (Cont..)

• System Byte

• Bit 7 - 9, Interrupt Mask (I0, I1, I2)

• Used to determine what level of
external interrupts the 68000 will
respond to.
• Bit 13, Supervisor state (S)
• The processing state of the 68000 is
controlled by this bit. 0 is for user and 1 for
supervisor. There are special instructions
available for manipulating this bit.
• Bit 15, Trace Bit (T)
• This bit enable trace mode in the processor.
Trace mode make it possible to single step
through a program, instruction by instruction.
This is very useful when debugging new piece
of code.
 Functional Description
of the 68000

• The 68000 is most commonly known as a 16-bit machine, even

though it can perform a wide variety of operations on 32-bit data
words.
• All external data enters the CPU on 16 bidirectional data lines (D0
• - D15)
• The 68000’s 23 address lines (A1 - A23) with two other signals, UDS and LDS
(for upper and lower data strobe) enable the processor has the ability to
address over 16 million bytes of memory.
• Other signals on the 68000 provide two different types of data transfers:
synchronous and asynchronous where asynchronous being faster.
• The synchronous transfer enables the 68000 to communicate with
peripherals designed for the earlier 68000 microprocessor.
 Functional Description
of the 68000 (Cont..)

• Furthermore, the 68000 will respond to seven levels of

external hardware interrupts (via IPL0 – IPL2) and has bus
arbitration logic that supports its used in multiprocessor
systems.
• All of these features come in a 64-pin package that runs on 5V
power supply.
• Clock speed for 68000 run from 4MHz – 12.5MHz.
 Functional Description
of the 68000 (Cont..)
CPU input and output signals
 68000 Data
Organizatio
n

• The 68000 microprocessor operates on 8-, 16- and 32-bit data

lengths as bytes, words and long words, respectively. The
instruction mnemonic with a .B, .W or .L extension is employed
to tell an assembler what data type to use in an instruction.
 68000 Data
Organization (Cont..)

i. Byte View
1 byte
(8 bits)
000000
000001
000002
000003 ..
..
..
FFFFFF
 68000 Data
Organization (Cont..)

ii. Word View 1 word (16 bits)

EVEN ODD
000000 12 34
000002
Byte 000000 Byte 000001
000004
000006 ..
..
..
FFFFFC

FFFFFF
 68000 Data
Organization (Cont..)

iii. Long Word View

n word

n+2 word
n Byte n Byte n+1 Byte n+2 Byte n+3
n+4 Byte
n+4 N+8
..
.. 32 bit
..
 68000 Data
Organization (Cont..)

Address 15 8 7 0 Address
First word 0 A6 3C 1
First longword

Second word 2
58 70 3
Second longword
Third word 4 15 24 5
Third longword
Fourth word 6 10 2D 7

Storing words and longwords in memory

 Memory Map

Last address $FFFFFF

$F00000
VIA
$E80000
$E00000
$D00000
IWM

$C00000
SCC Write
$B00000
$A00000
SCC Read
$900000

$410000
64KB ROM
$400000
Unused
$080000
First address 512KB RAM
$000000
in addressing space

Memory map of the 512KB Macintosh

 68000 Instruction
Types

• The 68000 contains several groups of instructions.

• Older machines often contained many different forms of instructions
that all did the same thing.
• For example, 8 and 16 bit additions were handled by different
instructions, requiring the use of different mnemonics in the
source code.
• The 68000 eliminates the need for the programmer to keep track of
these differences.
• A single ADD instruction mnemonic can be easily coded to perform 8,
16 and 32-bit additions on either data or address registers.
 68000 Instruction
Types (Cont..)

• Data transfers:
• Register to register
• Register to memory
• Immediate to register/memory

• All these only use one mnemonic to handle everything

 68000 Instruction Types
(Example)
(a) 8-bit (b) 16-bit
ADD.B D4,D5 ADD.W D4,D5

D4 11 D4 11 22

22 33 44
+ D5 + D5
33 44 66
D5 D5
(c) 32-bit
ADD.L D4,D5

D4 11 22 33 44

22 33 44 55
+ D5
33 55 77 99
D5
Advantages of MC68000

• It is popular, (used in Macintosh computer)

• Instructions set are comprehensive
• Compare to other 16-bit p (Intel 8086), the registers of the
8086 are only 16-bit in length but 68000 provides 32-bit
registers.
• The 68000’s 32-bit arithmetic, 32-bit registers, large addressing
space, nonmultiplexed address and data buses, external
interrupt features, and faster clock speed make it a better
choice than the 8086.