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Lesson17 Comparing Metals and Nonmetals

The document compares metals and nonmetals, focusing on properties such as malleability, ductility, conductivity, and crystalline structure. It explains how delocalized electrons contribute to metallic properties and discusses defects in metal structures that affect their characteristics. Additionally, it highlights the significance of alloys and their enhanced properties compared to pure metals.

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6 views9 pages

Lesson17 Comparing Metals and Nonmetals

The document compares metals and nonmetals, focusing on properties such as malleability, ductility, conductivity, and crystalline structure. It explains how delocalized electrons contribute to metallic properties and discusses defects in metal structures that affect their characteristics. Additionally, it highlights the significance of alloys and their enhanced properties compared to pure metals.

Uploaded by

9pbdvncy8j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comparing Metals and Nonmetals

Learning Objectives
• Analyze data comparing metals and nonmetals and
construct explanations for their differences.
• Summarize defining properties of metals.
• Describe how delocalized electrons give rise to metallic
properties.
Delocalized Electrons

Two zinc atoms by themselves will not


form a chemical bond with each other.

When enough zinc atoms come


together, two valence electrons from
each zinc atom can move around in the
cluster.

Eventually enough atoms come


together to form a crystal structure.

QUESTION: What is the model of electrons in a metal called? Why?


ANSWER: Sea of electrons, because the electrons can flow between all of the metal cations.
Malleability is the ability to be hammered or
Ductility and Malleability pressed into shapes.
Ductility is the ability to be drawn into wires.

Metal
QUESTION : Why are metals malleable and
ductile?
ANSWER: Cations can change positions without
the bonds between them breaking because the
sea of electrons moves with the cations.

Ionic Compound
Hammering an ionic
compound would force the
ions closer together causing
them to repel each other and
shatter.
Conductivity and Luster are caused by the movement of free electrons.

QUESTION: What is thermal and


electrical conductivity?
ANSWER: The movement of heat
and electricity through a
substance.
Metals have a high heat
conductivity because electrons
move heat energy as they travel
through the metal.
Metals are electrically
conductive because the free
electrons can flow as a current.

QUESTION: What is luster?


ANSWER: How shiny a substance
is.
Light hitting the metal excites
the free electrons which then re-
emit the light causing the metal
to look shiny.
Crystalline Structure and Properties of
metals are crystals with repeating structures. Three possible arrangements are face-centered
Metals cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed . The type of crystal determines the bulk
properties of the metal.

Face- Body- Hexagonal


centered centered close-packed
cubic (FCC) cubic (BCC) (HCP)
face-centered cubic arrangements hexagonal close-packed arrangements
can be more tightly packed than are more brittle because they don’t
body-centered cubic. have planes to slip across each other.

QUESTION: Which would you expect to be more ductile and malleable?


ANSWER: Face-centered because the atoms are closer together and therefore have a more uniform surface to slide across.
Defects and Properties of Metals “errors” in the crystal
structure are called defects.

Interstitial defect Substitution defect Vacancy defect


An atom positioned outside of An atom different from the other An atom that is missing from
the repeating crystal structure. atoms in the structure that takes the the crystal structure
(extra atoms are stuck where place of an existing atom in the crystal
they don’t belong.) structure
Defects and Properties of Metals
Colorful Defects All of these
gemstones contain defects of
aluminum oxide, which is clear
and colorless in its pure form. Blue
sapphires result from substitutions
of titanium and iron atoms. Green
sapphires result from iron impurities.
Chromium atom substitutions result
in the formation of red rubies.

Work Hardening
Swordsmiths hammer
and fold metal blades
to increase their strength.
These actions create a dense
network of dislocations
throughout the metal structure,
hardening the blade.
Alloys Mixture of metal atoms with one or more
other types of atoms.

Structure of Steel Carbon


occupies interstitial sites in iron‘s
structure. These carbon atoms
get trapped at dislocation sites,
preventing the movement of the
dislocation (pinning). This makes
steel stronger than pure iron.

QUESTION: Why are alloys made?


ANSWER: They have different properties from pure metals due to defects created by the addition of other atoms.

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