Introduction to Internet

What is Internet?
 A network of networks
 Internet is a network made of lots of
interconnected networks.
 It is a wide area network.
 It is a wonderful and surprising
achievement in the field of computer
science.
 Internet support companies, and just
about every type of other organization.
 History Of Internet
 The Internet began in 1969, as an experimental four–
computer network called ARPA (Advanced Research
Project Agency), which was designed by the U.S Defense
Department so that research scientist could communicate
. In approximately two years , ARPAnet grew to about two
dozen sites and by 1981, consisted of more than two
hundred sites . In 1990, ARPAnet was officially disbanded
and the network , which know consisted of hundreds of
sites , came to known as the Internet.
 How Internet Works?
 There is no particular organization that controls the
Internet.
 Different networks of private companies ,
government agencies , research organizations ,
universities etc are interconnected together.
 Internet is a huge collection of millions of computer,
all linked together on a network.
 Network allows all the computers to communicate
with each other.
 A home computers are connected to the internet
using phone line modem DSL (Digital Subscribe Line)
or cable modem that communicate to ISP( Internet
service providers)
 How Internet Works?
 ISPs then connect to the large ISPs , and the
largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic backbones” for
entire region.
 Backbones around the world are connected
through the fiber-optic lines, under sea cables or
satellite links.
 In this way every computer on the Internet is
connected to every other computer on the the
Internet.
 ISP: It is a company that provides the internet
connection to the users . There are many ISP
companies in each big cities of each country of
the world.
 What is Intranet and Extranet
 Intranet:
An organization network through which
files and messages are exchanged among the users of
an organization only is called the Intranet.This type of
network uses the same protocol as used in the Internet.
but through the intranet the information can not
exchanged outside the organization.
 Extranet :
An extranet is a network of multiple
intranets . It means that different companies are
connected together for the collaboration among the
companies. On an each extranet each company
connected gives selected rights to employees of one or
more other companies to access its intranet in order to
communicate and share information and ideas relevant
to that companies.
 Services of Internet
The internet provide a number of services such as :
 World Wide Web

 Chatting

 News Groups

 Electronic E-mail

 FTP

 Electronic E-Commerce
 World Wide Web
 The world wide web is the fastest growing part of
the internet.
 The World Wide Web is a world wide information
service on the internet.
 This is a graphical environment that allows the
text and pictures to be displayed on your screen.
 WWW uses special software called web Browsers
and TCP/IP, HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol)and a web server to function.
 Chatting
 People are talking to other people all
around the world.
 They enter to the chat room in order to
chat with other people.
 They send messages to each other,
discuss ideas and events.
 They are using different services like
MSN Messenger and Yahoo Messenger.
 News Groups
 News groups are included in internet.
 They can be access with the help of your
Internet Browsers and enable us to take
part in the discussion of interest with like-
minded people from around the world.
 Electronic Mail ( E-Mail)
 This service is available over the internet
enabling to send and receive the messages
on the global basis.
 People uses e-mail for anything for which
they might uses paper mail, faxes , special
document or telephone lines.
 You can communicate globally for the cost
of local phone call.
 The reason for this is that you are
connected to the internet through ISP by
dialing a local dialup numbers.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 FTP is simply a way to transfer the files to and from
the internet.
 FTP is not just a protocol but also as a service and
an application.
 FTP provides the facility to transfer the files
between two computers running different operating
system .
 FTP is a service for copying the files from one
computer to another computer.
 For two computers to actually make use of the
service of FTP , both computers requires a special
application software.FTP is an application for
copying files
 Electronic E-Commerce
 This is the modern way for selling and
buying goods over the internet in a secure
manner.
 Credit cards are used for payment.
 Many services are available for handling
credit cards over the internet with
security.
 Addressing Schemes
 The purpose of the internet is to established a
connection between large numbers of computers
all over the world. Computer can send and receive
the data to each other.
 On the Internet every computer has a unique
address with a reference of this address a
computer can communicate with other computer
on the internet. There are two types of addressing
schemes recognized on internet.
IP addressing
DNS addressing
 IP Addressing
 IP stands for internet protocol.
 It is a unique identifier for a node on the Internet.
 It is a numerical address with four numbers separated

by dots i-e 216.27.16.137.

a unique IP address.
 The four numbers in the IP address are called octets and
have a value between 0 to 255.
 Web Servers and Clients
 A Web server is a computer that is
programmed to send files to browsers on
other computers connected to the
Internet.
 The Web browser, such as Firefox or
Internet Explorer, is the client that sends
a request for a Web page.
 The Web server answers the request and
delivers the requested page to the
browser so you can view it.
 Web Server
 Web pages are created using HTML
syntax.
 These pages must be organized and
stored on central computers.
 Computers which store web pages in
the form of directories and files and
provide these files to be read are
called “Servers”.
 Web Server
The server computer runs special software
called “Web Server ” software that
allows :
 Web Site management
 Accept Client’s request for information
 Respond to a client’s request by providing
the page with required information.
Some of the most popular software , which
servers run to allow them to respond to client
request for information , is Internet
Information Server (I.I.S), Apache Web
Server, Netscape server and Microsoft
Personal web Server.
 Web Client OR Web Browsers
Web Clients runs special software called a
“Browsers” that allows them to
 Connect to appropriate Server
 Query the server for the information to be
read
 Provides an interface to read the
information returned by the server.
Some of the most popular Browser
software that clients run to allow them to
query Web Servers for information is
Netscape Communicator , Internet
Explorer.
 Web Client OR Web Browsers
 To access information stored in the form of Web
pages , users must connect to a Web Server.
Once connected , an interface that displays the
contents of the Web pages is required.
 Computer that offers the facility to read
information stored on web pages is called “Web
Client ”.
Web Server-Client Diagram