OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND

PROGRAMMING
OVERVIEW

• Computer System
• Programming Languages
• Compiler
COMMUTER SYSTEM

Computer system is a collection of

entities(hardware, software and liveware)
that are designed to receive, process,
manage and present information in a
meaningful format.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

i. Computer Hardware
ii. Computer Software
iii. Computer Liveware
COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware refers to the physical, tangible

computer equipment and devices, which
provide support for major functions such as
input, processing (internal storage, computation
and control), output, secondary storage (for
data and programs), and communication.
HARDWARE CATEGORIES (FUNCTIONAL
PARTS)
A computer system is a set of integrated devices that
input, output, process, and store data and
information. Computer systems are currently built
around at least one digital processing device. There
are five main hardware components in a computer
system: Input, Processing, Storage, Output and
Communication devices.
INPUT DEVICES
The devices which are used to give input to the computer
system are known as input devices. Data is inputted into the
computer system in raw format, which is then translated into
a computer-understandable form using input devices; after
that, it is processed using a central processing unit, which
produces output. In another form, an input device is a type of
peripheral device that allows users to interact with the
computer system.
INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is a hardware device that is used to show
the processed results to the user in the form of text, audio,
video, visuals on a computer screen or a printed hard copy
on paper. Different output devices can be connected to
computer systems to retrieve the output, based on the type
of output and requirements.
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitors
• Graphic Plotter
• Printer
• Speakers
• Headphones
• Projector
• GPS
PROCESSING DEVICES

The processing devices are the computer hardware

components that help to handle the processing of
the information, storage and retrieval process of the
information. In computers, processing devices play a
key role in the processing of information with the
help of programs.
PROCESSING DEVICES
• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)

• Motherboard

• Sound Card

• Network Card

• Microprocessor
STORAGE DEVICES

The storage unit is a part of the computer system

which is employed to store the information and
instructions to be processed. A storage device is an
integral part of the computer hardware which stores
information/data to process the result of any
computational work.
STORAGE DEVICES
• RAM
• ROM
• Floppy Disk
• Hard Disk
• Pen Drive
• SSD
COMMUNICATION DEVICES

A communication device is a hardware device

capable of transmitting an analog or digital signal
over the telephone, other communication wire,
or wirelessly.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
• Bluetooth devices
• Infrared devices
• Modem (over phone line)
• Network card (using Ethernet)
• Smartphone
• Wi-Fi devices (using a Wi-
Fi router)
SOFTWARE

System software – it is designed to run a computer’s

hardware and application software, and make the
computer system available for use. It serves as the
interface between hardware, application software,
and the user.
SOFTWARE
• Main functions of system
software – allocating system
resources, managing storage
space, storing and retrieval of
files, providing security, etc.
• Main types of systems software –
operating system, device driver,
utility software, programming
software, etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

Operating system (OS) – a software that controls

and coordinates the computer hardware devices and
runs other software and applications on a computer.
It is the main part of system software and a
computer will not function without it.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
• Main functions of an operating system – booting the
computer, managing system resources (CPU, memory,
storage devices, printer, etc.), managing files, handling
input and output, executing and providing services for
application software, etc.
• Examples of operating system: Microsoft Windows, Apple
iOS, Android OS, macOS, Linux, etc.
DEVICE DRIVER

• Device driver – a software program that is

designed to control a particular hardware device
that is attached to a computer.
• The main purpose of device driver – it acts as a
translator between the hardware device and
operating systems or applications that use it.
DEVICE DRIVER
• It instructs computer on how to communicate with the
device by translating the operating system’s
instructions into a language that a device can
understand in order to perform the necessary task.
• Examples of device driver: printer driver,
display driver, USB driver, sound card driver,
motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.
UTILITY SOFTWARE

• Utility software – a type of system software that

helps set up, analyze, configure, strengthen,
maintain a computer and performs a very specific
task (e.g. antivirus software, backup software,
memory tester, screen saver, etc.).
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
In general, the word language refers to the mode of
communication used amongst a group of individuals or
entities to exchange ideas, give commands, etc.
Similarly in the world of programming, the language
that software programmers, software engineers, coders,
developers, etc. use to communicate with a computer
or software is referred to as a programming language.
DEFINITION
A programming language is a set of instructions written by a
programmer to deliver instructions to the computer to
perform and accomplish a task. This set of instructions is
usually viewed as incomprehensible code structured
following a definite programming language syntax.
FEATURES OF A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
FEATURES OF A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
• Syntax: The specific guidelines and arrangement that
computer languages employ to produce code.
• Data Types: the several types of values that may be kept
in a program, including strings, integers, etc.
• Variables: Named memory locations that can store values.
• Control Structures: loops and conditional statements are
examples of statements that regulate how a program
executes.
• Functions/Methods: Blocks of code that can be called
from other parts of a program to perform specific tasks.
FEATURES OF A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
• Abstraction: The ability to hide complex details and
provide a simplified interface for users.
• Memory Management: The process of allocating and
deallocating memory for variables and data structures.
• Parsing: The process of analyzing code to determine its
structure and meaning.
• Markup and Control Language: The ability to add
comments and other annotations to code to make it more
readable and maintainable.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Low-level languages

Low-level programming languages are languages that provide little

to no abstraction between the language itself and the processor's
instructions. In other words, these low-level languages closely
resemble the machine code and are hence referred to as 'close to
hardware'. The advantage here is that the processors can run low-
level programs directly, without the need for an interpreter or
compiler. This is why programs written in low-level programming
languages are extremely fast to run.

Examples of low-level programming languages are- Binary code, Machine

language, and Assembly language.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Middle-level language (MLL)

As the name suggests, a mid-level language refers to all the

languages that lie between high and low-level programming
languages. An MLL acts as a bridge between raw hardware
and programs by interacting with the abstraction layer. This
is why they are often referred to as pseudo or intermediate-
level programming languages.

Examples of mid-level languages are- C, Java, and C++.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
High-level languages (HLL)

The high-level programming languages allow for the greatest amount of

abstraction between machine code and the language itself. So much so,
that they appear close to human languages rather than machine
languages. For computers to then understand and execute the
commands we use compilers that first convert the HLL into computer
languages. The primary benefit of high-level programming languages is
that it's simple to learn and write in, as well as maintain.

Examples of high-level programming languages are Python, Java,

JavaScript, Pascal, PHP, Swift, etc.
COMPILER
A compiler is a software that converts the source code to the
object code. In other words, we can say that it converts
the high-level language to machine/binary language.
Moreover, it is necessary to perform this step to make the
program executable. This is because the computer
understands only binary language.