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Names of taxonomy

The document outlines the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, focusing on the criteria for name availability, the law of priority, and the concepts of synonymy and homonymy in taxonomy. It explains the importance of type specimens and binomial nomenclature, including rules for naming organisms and the designation of subspecies. The document emphasizes the significance of stability in nomenclature and the proper usage of scientific names in zoology.

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5 views29 pages

Names of taxonomy

The document outlines the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, focusing on the criteria for name availability, the law of priority, and the concepts of synonymy and homonymy in taxonomy. It explains the importance of type specimens and binomial nomenclature, including rules for naming organisms and the designation of subspecies. The document emphasizes the significance of stability in nomenclature and the proper usage of scientific names in zoology.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Rules of Zoological

Nomenclature
Available names
• Whereas priority is a comparatively objective criterion,
availability is more nebulous. With reference to the
different codes most names would be considered
"available" if they meet the following four criteria.
1. Appear in a work published after 1758 for most
animals.
2. Meet the criteria for publication designated by the
codes.
3. Are written in the Latin alphabet
4. Are binominal (if referring to species)
Law of Priority
• Nunneley 1837 give a name
Limax maculatus to a
species belonging to
Gastropoda(slug), Wiktor
2001 classified it as a junior
synonym of Limax maximus
Linnæus 1758. Limax
maximus was established
first, so Limax maximus
takes precedence over
Limax maculatus and must
be used for the species
SYNONYM
• The concept of synonymy relates to the application of
different names to the same taxon.
• Senior synonyms: The oldest of two or more names that
are considered valid by nomenclatorial codes. This is
usually based on priority, but may also be done on the
basis of choice of names by the first revisor (zoology) or
by a nomenclatorial governing body.
• Junior synonyms: The junior names are those that are
considered invalid on the basis of priority or because of a
choice of the first revisor, or by a governing body of
nomenclature.
SYNONYM
• Objective synonyms: Different names that by examination of
nomenclatorial literature alone are judged to refer to the same
taxon. For example, any two family-group names with the same
type genus or any two genera with the same type species are
objective synonyms. Two species based on the same specimen
are also considered objective synonyms.

• Subjective synonyms: These are different names that have been


applied taxon as determined by a taxonomist or systematist. An
example would include two species originally described as
distinct but were later determined by a professional in the field
that they are the same species. This is the most common type of
synonymy and these can be the sources of confusion and great
debate.
HOMONYM
• In biology, a homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to
another such name, that belongs to a different taxon.
• The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is that the
first such name to be published is the senior homonym and is to be used (it
is "valid"); any others are junior homonyms and must be replaced with new
names. It is, however, possible that if a senior homonym is archaic, and not
in "prevailing usage," it may be declared a nomen oblitum and rendered
unavailable, while the junior homonym is preserved as a nomen protectum.
• For example: Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the
spiny anteater.
• However, Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a
genus of moray eels.
• Forster's use thus has priority, with Cuvier's being a junior homonym.
• Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811.
Conditions when stability affected
• 1) Several species ( e.g. sibling species) had been
referred by a single name prior to a more penetrating
analysis.
• 2) Several infraspecific phena were named in the
belief that they represent different species.
• 3) Several authors have named the same taxon
unbeknown to each other.(Synonym)
• 4) Two or more authors use the identical name for
different genera.(Homonym)
• 5) Wrongly placed species must be moved to another
genus.
Stability
Linnæus 1758 established Strix
scandiaca and Strix noctua (Aves),
for which he gave different
descriptions and referred to
different types, but both taxa later
turned out to refer to the same
species, the snowy owl. Lönnberg
1931 acted as First Reviser, cited
both names and selected Strix
scandiaca to have precedence. This
species is currently classifies in the
genus Bubo, as Bubo scandiacus
TYPE
Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818

Type Genus: Culex Linnaeus, 1758

Type species: Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758


Type specimen
• Generally, species are described by
taxonomists based on a type specimen and
the details published in a scientifically
recognised publication. The published
scientific name and the official description
which defines the characteristics of the
species are then permanently associated with
this type specimen.
Type specimen
• Type specimens form part of biological collections
maintained by museums and universities where they can
be accessed by other scientists.
• Holotype – a single specimen expressly designated as the
name-bearing “type” by the original author of the species.
• Syntype – one of several specimens in a series of equal
rank used to describe the new species where the author
has not designated a single holotype. Thus each specimen
in the series is known as a syntype (from which neither a
holotype nor a lectotype has been designated).
Type specimen
• Lectotype – a single specimen selected from a group of syntypes
and designated as the name-bearing type some time after the
original description was published.
• Paratype – representative specimen(s), other than the holotype, in
the type series referred to in the original description.
• Paralectotype – the type specimens remaining after a lectotype is
designated.
• Neotype – a substitute specimen selected in special circumstances
to replace the holotype after the species was first described and
the original holotype has been lost or destroyed (e.g. fire, war
etc.).
• Allotype – a designated specimen of opposite sex to that of the
holotype.
• Type Locality: is a Locality from where holotype, lectotype and
neotype specimens were collected.
Bionomial nomenclature

• As common names are not authentic and can not


be used for scientific purposes b/c these names
changed from language to language.
• Carl Linnaeus proposed the system of naming to
each organism which is called binomial
nomenclature in 1758.
• In this system organism are named and their name
consist of two parts,
• The first part indicate genus and 2nd species from
which the organism belong.
Bionomial nomenclature

• Rules
• Each binomial name of an organism consist of
two Latin words
• 1st word indicate genus while 2nd indicate
species
• The generic name will be start with capital
letter and species name with small letter
• The binomial name should be Italic or under
lined. e.g. Homo sapiens
• Two taxa can not have same name
• In scientific works, the authority for a binomial name is
usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the
date of publication may be specified.
• In zoology
– "Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the
reader who it was that first published a description and name for
this species of limpet; 1758 is the date of the publication in
which the original description can be found (in this case the 10th
edition of the book Systema Naturae).
– "Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given
by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate
that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus.
The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who
changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change
was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include
such information.
• In zoology, under the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below
that of species that can receive a name.
• In zoology, under the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN), the scientific name of a subspecies is
termed a trinomen, and comprises three words,
namely the binomen followed by the name of the
subspecies. For example, the binomen for the
leopard is Panthera pardus. The
trinomen Panthera pardus fusca denotes a
subspecies, the Indian leopard.

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