5.

EQUIVALENCE
OF PARALLEL
POSTULATES
 UNIQUE PARALLEL LINE POSTULATE
(UPLP)/HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM
• Through a point P (HAP)
not on a line l there exists
exactly one line m parallel to l.

EUCLID’S POSTULATE V
• If two distinct
(EPV)lines l, m intersect a transversal t
in such a way that the sum of the interior angles
on one side of t is less than a flat angle, then l,
m meet on the same side of t having the two
interior angles.
 THEOREM 5.1. EUCLID’S POSTULATE V ⇔
HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM
Figure 17: Equivalence of
• Proof. Given distinct lines l, m, t
Euclid’s Postulate V and
such that l, t meet at P and m, t
Hilbert’s axiom
meet at Q. Mark point A on l and
point B on m on the same side of t.
Mark point A0 on l and B0 on m
such that A0 ∗ P ∗ A and B0 ∗ Q ∗
B. Draw ray r(Q, R0 ) on open half-
pane H˚(t, B0 ) such that ∠R0 QP
∼= ∠AP Q. Extend r(Q, R0 ) to line
m0 . Then m0 is parallel to l. “⇒:”
Let m be an arbitrary line through Q
and parallel to l. EPV implies ∠AP
Q◦ + ∠BQP◦ ≥ 180◦ , ∠A 0 P Q◦ +
∠B 0 QP◦ ≥ 180◦ .
 THEOREM 5.1. EUCLID’S POSTULATE V ⇔
HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM
Figure 17: Equivalence of
• Since ∠AP Q◦ + ∠BQP + A0 P Q◦ +
Euclid’s Postulate V and
∠B0 QP = 360◦ , it follows that
Hilbert’s axiom
∠AP Q◦ + ∠BQP◦ = 180◦ ,
∠A 0 P Q◦ + ∠B 0 QP◦ = 180◦ .

• Since ∠B0 QP◦ + ∠BQP◦ = 180◦ , then

∠B0 QP◦ = ∠AP Q◦ . Note that ∠AP Q
= ∠R0 QP. We thus have ∠BQP = ∠R0
QP. So m = m0 , which is Hilbert
axiom. “⇐:” Let angle sum of
consecutive interior angles be less that
180◦ , i.e.,
∠AP Q◦ + ∠BQP◦ < 180◦ .
 THEOREM 5.1. EUCLID’S POSTULATE V ⇔
HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM
Figure 17: Equivalence of
Euclid’s Postulate V and
• Since ∠B0 QP◦ + ∠BQP◦ = 180◦ , Hilbert’s axiom
then ∠B0 QP◦ > ∠AP Q◦ . Clearly,
m0 6 = m. Since l ⊂ H˚(m0 , P), r(Q,
B0 ) ⊂ H˚(m0 , P0 ), then r(P, A0 ),
r(Q, B0 ) do not meet.

• If r(P, A), r(Q, B) do not meet, then

m is parallel to l. So m = m0 ,
contradiction to m 6 = m0 . Hence
r(P, A), r(Q, B) meet.
 PROPOSITION 5.2. UNDER HILBERT’S AXIOM OF
PARALLELISM. LET TWO LINES L, M BE PARALLEL
AND CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL T.
• (a) Alternate interior angles are congruent.
• (b) Corresponding angles are congruent.
• (c) The sum of degree measures of
consecutive interior angles is 180◦ .
• (d) The angle sum of degree measures of a
triangle is 180◦ .
 PROPOSITION 5.2. UNDER HILBERT’S AXIOM OF
PARALLELISM. LET TWO LINES L, M BE PARALLEL
Figure 18: Angle sum of a
AND CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL T.
• Proof. (a) There exists a line m triangle is a flat angle
through P and parallel to l,
having congruent alternate
interior angles. Then every line
parallel to l must be this line m.
So the alternate interior angles
are congruent.
• (b) It follows from (a) and the
fact that opposite angles are
congruent.
 PROPOSITION 5.2. UNDER HILBERT’S AXIOM OF
PARALLELISM. LET TWO LINES L, M BE PARALLEL
Figure 18: Angle sum of a
ANDthe
• (c) It follows from CUT
factBY A TRANSVERSALtriangle
that T. is a flat angle
the sum of supplementary
angles is 180◦.
• (d) Extend the segment AC to E
and draw ray r(C, D) such that
∠BCD ∼= ∠B. Then r(C, D) is
parallel to AB. Thus ∠DCE ∼=
∠A. Hence ∠A◦ + ∠B◦ + ∠C ◦
= ∠DCE◦ + ∠BCD◦ + ∠ACB◦ =
180◦ .
 THEOREM 5.3. ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE EQUAL
TO 180◦ ⇒ HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM.
• Proof. Given a line l and point P not Figure 19: Existence of
on l. Let t be the unique line rectangle implies unique
through P and perpendicular to l, parallel.
meeting l at Q. Through P there is a
unique line m perpendicular to t.
Then m is parallel to l. Let n be an
arbitrary line through P and parallel
to l, but distinct from m. Pick a
point R on m such that n intersects
the interior of ∠QP R. Fix a point S
on n such that S ∈ ˚∠QP Y . Then
angle ∠RP S is acute.
 THEOREM 5.3. ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE EQUAL
TO 180◦ ⇒ HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM.
• Let X be a point on the open ray Figure 19: Existence of
˚r(P, S). Drop perpendicular XY to m rectangle implies unique
with foot Y on m, and perpendicular parallel.
XZ to t with foot Z on t. Note that l,
m, XZ are parallel to each other. So
X, Z are on the same side of lines l,
m respectively. We then have P ∗ Z
∗ Q.
• Analogously, lines t, XY are parallel
to each other. Then X, Y are on the
same side of t and P, Z are on the
same side of XY . Hence the
quadrilateral ¤ P Y XZ is convex.
 THEOREM 5.3. ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE EQUAL
TO 180◦ ⇒ HILBERT’S AXIOM OF PARALLELISM.
• Note that ∠XZP, ∠ZP Y , ∠P Y X are Figure 19: Existence of
right angles. Since every triangle rectangle implies unique
parallel.
has angle sum equal to 180◦ , then
∠ZP X +∠P XZ is a right angle.
Since ∠ZP X +∠XP Y is a right
angle, we see that ∠XP Y ∼=
∠PXZ. Thus ∆PXY ∼= ∆XP Z by
SAA. Subsequently, P Z ∼= XY .
• Now we can take X to be such that
XY > PQ by Aristotle’s axiom. Then
P Z > P Q, which is impossible.
 6. SACCHERI
QUADRILATERAL
S AND LAMBERT
QUADRILATERAL
S
 SACCHERI QUADRILATERAL
• A quadrilateral is said to be a Saccheri quadrilateral if its
two base angles are right angles and the base-angle
adjacent opposite sides are congruent. For instance, for
quadrilateral ¤ ABCD with right angles ∠A, ∠B and AD
∼= BC is a Saccheri quadrilateral.
LAMBERT QUADRILATERAL
• A quadrilateral is said to be a Lambert quadrilateral
if it has at least three angles to be right angles.
• Proposition 6.1. Let ABCD be a
Saccheri quadrilateral with right
angles ∠A, ∠B, and AD ∼= BC.
See Figure 20. Then ∠C ∼= ∠D.
• Proof. Draw segments AC and
BD. Note that ∆ABC ∼= ∆BAD by
SAS. Then AC ∼= BD and ∠BAC
∼= ∠ABD. Subsequently, ∠CAD
∼= DBC by angle subtraction.
Hence ∆CAD ∼= ∆DBC by SAS.
Therefore ∠ADC ∼= ∠BCD.
 FIGURE 21: ABED IS A
SACCHERI QUADRILATERAL

Proposition 6.2 (Property of quadrilateral with two

adjacent right angles). Let ¤ ABCD be a quadrilateral with
two adjacent right angles ∠A and ∠B. See Figure 21. Then
• (a) ∠C < ∠D if and only if AD < BC.
• (b) ∠C ∼= ∠D if and only if AD ∼= BC.
• Proof. (a) “⇐”: Assume AD < BC. Find a point E on BC such
that BE ∼= AD and B ∗ E ∗ C; see the left of Figure 21. BC.
Find a point E on BC such that BE ∼= AD and B ∗ E ∗ C; see
the left of Figure 21. It is clear that B, E, C are on the same
side of AD for BC is parallel to AD. We claim that A, B are on
the same side of DC.
• Suppose it is not true, i.e., DC meets AB at point F such that
A ∗ F ∗ B. Note that C, D, F are collinear. Then ∠AF D (=∠AF
C) is larger than ∠B and ∠BF D > ∠A by Exterior Angle
Theorem. Since ∠A, ∠B are right angles, so the sum of ∠AF
D, ∠BF D are not a flat angle, which is a contradiction.
∠D > ∠ADE ∼= ∠BED > ∠C.
THANK
HAROLD HAYAG

YOU
CATHLYN COLINA
NICOLE COLANZA
KRISLYN JOY CREDO

BSED MATH II