DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION – 28m- 28m

SPAN IN CURVED WITH 10m PIER HEIGHT

IN RADIUS 10000m

BY

AFRIN SHABNAM M
JESMETHA M

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL GUIDE

DR.K.AARTHI MR.V.SENTHIL KUMAR

DESIGN OF PILECAP:-

• Introduction
• Objective
• Scope
• Methodology
• Material properties
• Cross section details
• Analysis
• Design
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:-

The present project involves the design and construction of the pile foundation for an elevated viaduct section as
part of the Agra Metro project. The viaduct is supported by piers transferring significant loads to the foundation
system.

Given the medium soil strata encountered at the site, a pile foundation was selected to ensure stability, control
settlement, and efficiently transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil layers.

A square-shaped pile cap resting on four piles was adopted for each pier location. This configuration offers
symmetrical load distribution, structural efficiency, and ease of construction.

The use of a square pile cap with four equally spaced piles ensures that both vertical and lateral loads, including
moments, are effectively resisted, maintaining the overall stability and serviceability of the structure.
OBJECTIVE:-

The primary objective of this project is to design a safe and efficient pile cap foundation system for the elevated
viaduct between Agra Cantt. Metro Station and Kalindi Vihar Metro Station.

Determining the appropriate dimensions and reinforcement detailing of the pile cap.

Compliance with relevant design codes and standards to accommodate vertical and lateral loads.

SCOPE:-

Review of soil properties, Structural analysis of the pile cap under Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability
Limit State (SLS) conditions.

Detailing the pile arrangement, spacing, Calculation of pile loads, group effects, and transfer mechanisms.

Preparation of construction drawings and specifications for implementation on-site.

METHODOLOGY:-

• Understand structural requirements

Determine the total loads (dead load, live load, seismic , wind, etc.) from the superstructure. Confirm site
conditions (soil bearing capacity, pile capacity )

• Pile Arrangement

Decide the number and layout of piles. Choose arrangement based on load intensity, pile spacing.

• Select Pile Cap Type

• Load Distribution

• Structural Analysis

Check shear (one-way and punching shear ) and flexural requirements.

• Design checks

• Prepare Design Drawings

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:-

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fck = 35 N/mm2

Characteristic yield strength of steel f y = 500 N/mm2

Unit density of concrete c = 25 kN/m3

Unit density of steel st = 78.5 kN/m3

Young’s modulus of concrete E c = 29500 N/mm2

Young’s modulus of steel E s = 2.00E+05 N/mm2

Density of the soil s = 20k N/m3

CROSS SECTION DETAILS:-

Size of the column = 1800 mm x 1800 mm

Diameter of pile = 1000 mm

No of piles = 4

Size of the pile cap = 4300 mm x 4300 mm

Depth of the pile cap = 1500 mm

Effective depth of pile cap ( longitudinal ) = 1413 mm

Effective depth of pile cap ( transverse ) = 1388 mm

Clear cover to reinforcement = 75 mm

 Limit State GI GII (***) G III G III GV
Loads Symbol (a) (b)
Cracking G II a G II b G II a G II b Stress Stress Stress
Stress Stress Stress Stress
+ (temp) (LWR)
(EQ) (EQ) (WL) (WL)
Stress

Dead loads DL 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Shrinkage 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
& SC
creep

SIDL 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Super (fixed)
imposed SIDL 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
loads (variable)
S L S COMBINATIONS

Earthquake EQ 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20

Wind WL 1.00 1.00
Overall T OT 1.00 1.00
LWR 1.00 1.00
ANALYSIS:- Differential DT 1.00
Temperature
Differential DS 1.00 0.80 0.80
Settlement

Hydrostatic HY 1.00 1.00

Live load LL 1.10 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.50
DL 1.25 1.25/0.9 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Dead loads
Super SIDL 1.25 1.25/0.9 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
imposed loads
(fixed)
SIDL 2.00 1.5/0.8 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
(variable)
Earthquake EQ 1.50 1.20
U L S COMBINATIONS

Wind WL 1.60 1.25

Overall T OT 1.50 1.50
LWR 1.50
Differential DT 1.15 1.15
Temperature
Hydrostatic HY 1.40
Live load LL 1.75 0.50 1.40 1.40 0.70
Derailment DR As per
loads code
 SLS & ULS LOADS AND REACTIONS ( INCLUDING SW OF PILE CAP & SOIL):-

P FL ML1 FT MT1 Load P FL ML1 FT MT1

S.NO Group Load S.NO Group case
case
kN kN kN-m kN kN-m
kN kN kN-m kN kN-m

1 GI SLS1 8308 351 5036 13 357

1 GI ULS1 1159 558 9465 20 2021
5
2 GII (a) SLS5 6327 625 7019 188 2272
2 GII (a) ULS5 7911 938 11462 281 4340

3 GII (b) SLS12 7232 785 9258 204 2527 3 GII (b) ULS19 8813 11048 14178 236 3942

4 GIII ULS39 9675 900 12438 10 1545

4 GIII SLS28 7209 610 7647 7 242
CHECK FOR PILE CAPACITY:-

Checking for pile capacity ensures that the pile foundation can safely support the loads from the structure without
failure. The load carrying capacity of a pile depends on the properties of the soil in which it is embedded.

Pile Pile Load Minimu Maximu

Load PA PB PC PD Capaci with Self Load PA PB PC PD m Load m Load
case ty Weight case

kN kN kN kN kN Max Min kN kN kN kN kN kN

SLS1
2976 2857 1178 1297 3729 3437 1639 ULS1 4813 4139 984 1658 984 4813
BENDING THEORY:-

Bending theory ( or flexural theory ) explains how a structural element behaves when subjected to a bending
moment- i.e. when a load causes it to bend. To ensure the pile cap resists bending moments from pier loads in both
directions-longitudinal and transverse.

Case Moment at Face Depth Required Depth provided M*cap Mu /Mcap

of Pier Mu ( mm ) ( mm ) ( kN-m )
( kN-m )

ULS1 6055 518 1413 12261.03 0.49

CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR:-

One-way shear occurs along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a member, typically due to bending.
As per IRS CBC one way shear is to be checked at a distance ‘d’ ( effective depth ) from the face of the support.

As per table 14 IRS & clause 15.4.3.3

c = 0.27 /m x (100As)1/3 / (bd) 1/3 x fck 1/3

CHECK FOR ENHANCED SHEAR:-

Enhanced shear strength of sections close to supports – An enhancement of shear strength may allowed for sections
within a distance av< 2d from the face of a support. This enhancement is primarily due to the way shear stresses are
distributed and transferred within the concrete and reinforcement .

Effective Depth Shear Force Shear Stress Shear Strength

Case ( deff ) in mm ( vu ) ( v ) Pt in % ( c ) in N/mm2 c .s. 2d/ay
in in
kN N/mm2

ULS1 1413 8607 1.42 0.35 0.50 1.87

CHECK FOR PUNCHING SHEAR:-

Punching shear is a two-way shear that occurs when a concentrated load (from pier) tries to “punch” through a
slab. As per IRS CBC punching shear is to be checked at a perimeter 1.5d away from face of the loaded area.
CORNER SHEAR:-

It’s a special case of punching shear that occurs at corner piers , where the available resisting perimeter is reduced
due to two free edges. Since only two sides of the piers are surrounded by concrete, the critical shear perimeter is
smaller, which reduces punching resistance.
CRACK WIDTH:-

Design crack width = 3 acrm/1+2(acr – cnom)/(h – dc)

SLS1 SLS2 SLS3 SLS4

3771 3174 2875 2875

Bending moment =

( kNm ) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Allowable crack width =

0.101 No crack No crack No crack
( mm )

Crack width =
PLAN VIEW OF PILE CAP:-
CONCLUSION:-

Since the project site consists of medium soil strata, a 4-pile cap was chosen to provide adequate load-bearing
capacity, control settlement, and ensure structural stability while maintaining cost efficiency.

The square 2x2 pile arrangement ensures symmetrical load transfer and is well-suited for the moderate
geotechnical conditions encountered.

The selected pile cap configuration helps to distribute loads evenly, minimizing differential settlements that could
otherwise compromise the structural integrity.

The design also allows for easier construction practices and better alignment with the superstructure loads.

By optimizing the pile spacing and cap dimensions, the solution achieves an effective balance between
performance and construction economy.

Overall, the 4-pile cap foundation system offers a reliable and durable approach to support the structure under the
anticipated soil and load conditions.