CURRICULUM IN

EDUCATION
Prepared by:
‘Atiratul Husna Binti
Rosdin
Husna Izzati Binti
Abdul Majid
CONCEPT Of CURRICULUM
• Encompasses a comprehensive framework that outlines
the educational experiences and outcomes intended for
students within an academic setting.

Latin word :
Currere - to run

The New International Dictionary :

the entirety of courses offered by an institution or an
educational department

Oxford English Dictionary :

the courses taught in school or university
DEFINITIONS OF CURRICULUM
• Tanner (1980) planned and integrated learning experience
aimed at achieving the intended learning outcomes, organized
by school to develop students’ social skills and personal
growth in systematic and continuous manner.

• Schubert (1987) content of subject, the concepts and tasks to

be achieved, activities designed, organised learning
experiences, and the culture brought to learning to enable
societal change

• Cat (1980) written document explaining the planned

objectives, content, learning activities and assessment
• Goodlad and Su (1992) a plan consisting or leaning opportunities
provided to the students over specific period and place, aimed at
achieving desired changes in students through organised and
evaluate school-based activities

• Cronbleth (1992) focusing on the following questions: What are the

skills and values to be emphasized the most?

• Grundy (1987) a program of activities which developed by teachers

and students designed to help students achieve as many educational
objectives as possible

• Hass ( 1987) stating that curriculum encompasses “all the

experiences undergone by each students, aimed at achieving specific
objecives that are purposefully planned within a theoretical
framework and based on current and past professional research
 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
• FORMAL
According to the purpose of education produce by the Malaysian government,
formal types of curriculum including teaching, learning and evaluating that
happened in the classroom including curriculum that happened outside of
classroom; club activities, uniform activities and sports.

This type of curriculum aim to produce students with enough knowledge and
skills needed and awarded with certificate such as diplomas and degrees.

It emphasizes the importance of a well-designed curriculum that aligns with

educational goals and the role of the Ministry of Education in implementing
these curricula.

Essential for ensuring a standardized educational experience across schools.

 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
EXAMPLE :
 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
• INFORMAL
Characterized by its flexibility and interaction with students'
experiences.

Informal learning complements formal education by allowing students

to engage in various activities that enhance their learning.

Each school in Malaysia implements a curriculum designed by the

Curriculum Development Center, informal curriculum is seen as a means
to enrich students' educational experiences and foster personal
development.

Application of cultural values in informal curriculum during sports, club

and uniform acticities.
 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
• EXAMPLE
 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
• HIDDEN
Set of lessons "which are learned but not openly intended" to be taught in
school such as the norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in both the
classroom and social environment.

All the knowledge and skills students acquire during their academic journey
that aren’t directly covered in the formal curriculum. This can encompass
social skills, work ethics, values, and perspectives.

Expectations and values that are often suggested rather than stated
outright, reflecting how rules may be enforced differently among students.

The hidden curriculum also encompasses important social aspects, such as

the pressure to conform and the challenge of being true to oneself.
 TYPES OF CURRICULUM
• EXAMPLE
 THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN
IMPLEMENTING CURRICULUM (SK@S)

PLANNE GATEKEEPE
R R

FACILITATO
R

MOTIVATO EVALUATO
R R
 TEACHER AS A PLANNER:

• Curriculum Design: Teachers create or adapt the curriculum to meet

educational standards and the needs of their students. This includes selecting
appropriate content, learning objectives, and instructional strategies.

• Lesson Planning: Effective lesson planning involves outlining specific goals

for each class, determining the necessary materials, and designing activities
that engage students and facilitate learning.

• Assessment Development: Teachers plan various assessment methods to

evaluate student progress. This includes formative assessments (like quizzes
and discussions) and summative assessments (like projects and tests) that
align with learning objectives.
• Differentiation: Teachers must plan for diverse learning styles and abilities
by incorporating differentiated instruction. This means developing strategies to
support all students, including those who may need additional help or
challenge.

• Reflection and Adaptation: After implementing lessons, teachers evaluate

their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments for future classes. This
reflective practice helps improve teaching strategies and student outcomes.

• Collaboration: Teachers often collaborate with colleagues to share resources

and strategies, ensuring a cohesive learning experience across subjects.
 TEACHER AS A GATEKEEPER:

• Content Selection: Teachers determine what information and resources are

appropriate for their students. This includes selecting texts, materials, and
topics that align with educational goals and are suitable for students’ age and
maturity levels.

• Classroom Environment: Teachers create a safe and inclusive classroom

atmosphere where all students feel valued and respected. This involves setting
clear expectations for behavior and fostering a culture of respect and
collaboration.

• Access to Learning Opportunities: Teachers identify and provide access to

various learning experiences, such as advanced coursework, extracurricular
activities, and resources that can enhance student learning and engagement.
• Equity and Inclusion: As gatekeepers, teachers advocate for equitable
access to educational resources and opportunities. They work to identify and
address barriers that may prevent certain students from succeeding.

• Monitoring Progress: Teachers assess student understanding and progress,

guiding them toward the right resources and support when needed. This
includes providing feedback and adjusting instruction based on student needs.

• Encouragement and Motivation: Teachers play a crucial role in motivating

students to pursue their interests and passions. By recognizing and nurturing
potential, they help students overcome challenges and strive for success.
 TEACHER AS A FACILITATOR:

• Creating a Student-Centered Learning Environment: Encourage Active

Participation — Teachers foster an atmosphere where students actively engage
in discussions and collaborative exploration of topics.

• Adapting Instruction to Meet Diverse Needs: Differentiated Instruction —

Teachers tailor their teaching strategies to accommodate different learning
styles, interests, and abilities of students.

• Integrating Technology and Resources: Utilizing Digital Tools — Teachers

incorporate technology into lessons to enhance student engagement and
facilitate understanding.
• Promoting Collaborative Learning: Group Work and Projects — Teachers
organize collaborative activities that promote teamwork and communication
among students.

• Assessing Learning Progress: Formative Assessment — Teachers implement

ongoing assessments to monitor student understanding and adjust their
teaching strategies accordingly.

• Encouraging Lifelong Learning: Modeling Learning Behaviors — Teachers

demonstrate a passion for learning to inspire students to become lifelong
learners.

• Connecting Curriculum to Real-World Contexts: Contextual Learning —

Teachers help students see the relevance of their studies by connecting lessons
to real-world applications.
 TEACHER AS A MOTIVATOR:

• Creating a Positive Learning Environment: Teachers establish a supportive

and encouraging classroom atmosphere where students feel safe to express
themselves, take risks, and explore new ideas.

• Setting High Expectations: By setting challenging yet achievable goals,

teachers inspire students to push their boundaries and strive for excellence.
Communicating belief in students’ abilities can boost their self-confidence.

• Personalizing Learning: Understanding individual student interests and

strengths allows teachers to tailor lessons and activities, making learning more
relevant and engaging for each student.
• Providing Feedback: Constructive and timely feedback helps students
recognize their progress and areas for improvement, reinforcing their efforts
and encouraging them to persist.

• Incorporating Varied Teaching Strategies: Using diverse instructional

methods—such as group work, hands-on activities, and technology—keeps
students engaged and caters to different learning styles.

• Connecting Learning to Real Life: By relating lessons to real-world

applications and students' personal experiences, teachers can help students
see the relevance and importance of what they are learning.

• Celebrating Achievements: Recognizing and celebrating both small and

significant accomplishments fosters a sense of achievement and motivates
students to continue striving for success.
 TEACHER AS AN EVALUATOR:

• Assessment Design: Create Assessments — Teachers design various

assessment tools (tests, quizzes, projects) that align with learning objectives
and effectively measure student understanding.

• Formative Evaluation: Ongoing Feedback — Teachers provide regular,

constructive feedback during the learning process to guide student progress
and inform instructional adjustments.

• Summative Evaluation: Final Assessments — Teachers conduct summative

evaluations at the end of instructional units to assess overall student learning
and mastery of the curriculum.
• Data Analysis: Analyze Results — Teachers analyze assessment data to
identify trends, strengths, and areas for improvement within individual students
and the class as a whole.

• Setting Standards: Establish Criteria — Teachers establish clear criteria and

standards for success, helping students understand expectations and how they
will be evaluated.

• Student Involvement: Involve Students in Self-Assessment — Teachers

encourage students to assess their own learning and reflect on their progress,
fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility for their education.

• Adjusting Instruction: Adapt Teaching Strategies — Based on evaluation

results, teachers modify instructional approaches to better meet the needs of
their students and enhance learning outcomes.
Thank You!