LECTURE 2

SUMAIRA ASLAM
• What is Programming
• Importance of Programming
• Applications
• Popular Programming Languages
• What is Computer Networking
• Types of Computer Networks
Network Topologies
 What is Programming

• Programming is the process of designing, writing, testing, and maintaining

the source code of computer programs.
• It involves creating a set of instructions that a computer can execute to
perform specific tasks or solve problems.
• Source Code: The human-readable instructions written by programmers.
• Compiler/Interpreter: Converts source code into machine code that the
computer can understand.
• Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures used to solve problems, which form
the basis of programming.
 Importance of Programming

• Automation: Reduces manual effort by automating repetitive tasks (e.g., data entry,
calculations).
• Innovation: Drives advancements in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and data science.
• Problem-Solving: Teaches logical thinking and the ability to break down complex problems
into smaller, manageable parts.
• Applications:
• Web Development: Building websites and web applications.
• Mobile Apps: Creating apps for iOS and Android.
• Gaming: Developing video games and interactive experiences.
• Scientific Research: Simulating experiments and analyzing data.
 Popular Programming Languages

• Programming languages are tools that allow developers to communicate with

computers.
• Each language has its own syntax, strengths, and use cases.
• Below are some of the most widely used programming languages.
Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity
and readability.
It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.
Java
• Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language designed for
portability and scalability.
• It follows the "write once, run anywhere" (WORA) principle, meaning Java
code can run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Uses:
• Android App Development: The primary language for Android apps.
• Enterprise Applications: Used in large-scale systems like banking software.
• JavaScript
• JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted scripting language primarily used for web
development.
• It runs in web browsers to make web pages interactive and dynamic.
• Uses:
• Front-End Development: Adding interactivity to websites (e.g., animations, form
validation).
• Back-End Development: Using Node.js for server-side programming.
• Game Development: Creating browser-based games.
C++
• C++ is an extension of the C programming language with added
object-oriented features.
HTML/CSS (Bonus)
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets) are not programming languages but are essential for web
development.
• HTML structures the content of a webpage, while CSS styles it.
 What is Computer Networking

• A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices

(computers, servers, printers, etc.) that communicate with
each other to share resources and data.
Purpose of Networking:
• Facilitate communication and data exchange.
• Share resources like files, printers, and internet connections.
• Enable collaboration and remote access.
Types of Computer Networks

Based on Size and Scope:

• PAN (Personal Area Network):
PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a type of network designed to
connect devices within a short range, typically around one person. It allows your
personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops to communicate and share data
with each other.
PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing
communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance and
very low cost. This uses Bluetooth,technology.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
• LAN (Local Area Network):
• LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that
connects computers through a common communication path, contained
within a limited area, that is, locally.
• A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The
two important technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi.
• It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with easy
maintenance and low cost. Examples of LAN are networking in a home,
school, library, laboratory, college, office, etc.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
• A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type
of computer network that connects computers over a geographical
distance through a shared communication path over a city, town,
or metropolitan area.
• Its transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain and it
comes with a high cost. Examples of MAN are networking in towns,
cities, a single large city, a large area within multiple buildings, etc.
• WAN (Wide Area Network):
• WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers
over a large geographical distance through a shared
communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but
extends over many locations.
• we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. it comes with very
high maintenance and very high cost. The most common
example of WAN is the Internet.
 Network Topologies

• The arrangement of nodes and links in a network

Point to Point Topology
• Point-to-point topology is a type of topology that works on the
functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the simplest
communication between two nodes, in which one is the
sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-to-Point
provides high bandwidth.
• Mesh Topology
• In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another
device via a particular channel. Every device is connected to
another via dedicated channels. These channels are known as
links.
• Star Topology
• In Star Topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub
through a cable. This hub is the central node and all other
nodes are connected to the central node. Coaxial cables or RJ-
45 cables are used to connect the computers. In Star
Topology, many popular Ethernet LAN protocols are used as
CD(Collision Detection), CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access), etc.
• Bus Topology
• Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and
network device is connected to a single cable. It is bi-
directional. It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust
topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes.
• Ring Topology
• In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with
exactly two neighboring devices. A number of repeaters are
used for Ring topology with a large number of nodes, because
if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the
ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass
through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent
data loss repeaters are used in the network
• Tree Topology
• Tree topology is the variation of the Star topology. This
topology has a hierarchical flow of data. In tree topology, the
various secondary hubs are connected to the central hub
which contains the repeater. This data flow from top to
bottom i.e. from the central hub to the secondary and then to
the devices or from bottom to top
• Hybrid Topology
• Hybrid Topology is the combination of all the various types of
topologies we have studied above. Hybrid Topology is used
when the nodes are free to take any form. It means these can
be individuals such as Ring or Star topology or can be a
combination of various types of topologies seen above. Each
individual topology uses the protocol that has been discussed
earlier.