Scribd
Upload
11 views30 pages

ME 23412 - Unit 5

The document provides an overview of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools, detailing their evolution, components, and advantages. It explains the transition from manual labor to CNC systems, highlighting the need for precision and repeatability in manufacturing, especially during World War II. Additionally, it covers different types of numerical control systems and the terminology associated with CNC technology.

Uploaded by

kanishkacura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views30 pages

ME 23412 - Unit 5

The document provides an overview of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools, detailing their evolution, components, and advantages. It explains the transition from manual labor to CNC systems, highlighting the need for precision and repeatability in manufacturing, especially during World War II. Additionally, it covers different types of numerical control systems and the terminology associated with CNC technology.

Uploaded by

kanishkacura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

1

Unit 5 – COMPUTER
NUMERICAL CONTROL
MACHINE TOOLS
INTRODUCTION
 CNC: Computer Numerical Control.
 Production of machined parts whose production is
controlled by a computer.
 Computer uses a controller to drive each axis of the
machine tool (X,Y,Z).
 Controls direction, speed, and time of motor rotation.
 A programmed path is loaded into the computer and
then executed.
 Program consists of numeric point data (X,Y,Z), along
with machine control and function commands.
EVOLUTION OF CNC
 Single items were produced by crafts people.
 Interchangeable Parts.
 Manual labor was still the most cost effective method.
 WW II manufacturers could not maintain quantity &
quality parts.
 Machinists could produce superior quality but not at
high volume that was required.
 As quantity increased, quality decreased due to
human factors.
CNC & WORLD WAR II
 Need to manufacture large amount of products for the
war.
 Need for quantity and quality.
 U.S. Air Force set up companies to develop and
produce NC systems to handle volume and
repeatability.
 Repeatability: the ability to perform the same
operation over & over within specified parameters.
CNC TURNING
CNC MILLING
CNC LASER CUTTING
NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE TOOLS
 Numerical control of machine tools may be defined as
a method of automation in which various functions of
machine tools are controlled by letters, numbers,
symbols and alphanumeric instructions.
 Basically a NC machine runs on a program fed to it, by
means of punched card, punched tape or magnetic
tape.
 The program consists of precise instructions about
the manufacturing methodology as well as the
movements.
NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE TOOLS
 For example, the following instructions are given.
 what tool is to be used?
 at what speed?
 at what feed?
 and to move from which point to which point
in which path?
 Numerical control is a form of programmable
automation.
 All the functions of an NC machine tool are controlled
electronically, hydraulically or pneumatically.
NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE TOOLS

NC Machine Tool = MCU + Machine Tool


MCU = Machine Control Unit = DPU + CLU
DPU = Data Processing Unit
CLU = Control Loop Unit
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A NC MACHINE TOOL
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL
Program of instructions:
The program of instruction, often called part program
is the detailed set of directions for producing a
component by the NC machine.
Each line of instruction is a mixture of alphabetic
codes and numeric data and is punched in a input
media (usually paper tape) in a specified format.
This program is translated into electrical signals to
drive various motors to operate the machine to carry
out the required operations
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL
Tape Punch:
Usually it is a paper tape of 1 inch width.
Paper or plastics are also used as tape materials.
Paper tapes are cheap and popular but cannot last
long.
It is Mylar tapes that are expensive but durable.
These are still used by machine manufacturers to
store information as executive tapes.
Punching machines (Flexo writers) of various types
are used to key in program instructions to tapes.
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL
Tape Readers:
A tape reader reads the hole pattern on the tape and
converts the patterns to a corresponding electrical
signal.
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL

Machine Controller:
It receives the electrical signals from tape reader and
causes NC machine to respond.
It contains a decoder/encoder, an interpolator and
facilities to execute auxiliary functions which are
machine dependent.
The decoder/encoder receives the data and stores
them in two separate memory locations. One for the
part geometry data and the other for the process data.
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL

Machine Controller:
For cutting complex surfaces, the interpolator breaks
down these curves into small individual increments for
each controlled motion of machine tools.
Controller also interfaces various machine units like
drive motors, transducers and other control functions
of the machine tools.
COMPONENTS OF NC MACHINE TOOL

NC Machine:
It responds to the electrical signals from the
controller.
Accordingly the machine executes various slide
motions and spindle rotations to manufacture a part.
TYPES OF NC SYSTEMS

Machine controls are divided into three groups:


 Traditional numerical control (NC).
 Computer numerical control (CNC).
 Distributed numerical control (DNC).
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

 CNC refers to a system that has a local computer to


store all required numerical data.
 While CNC was used to enhance tapes for a while,
they eventually allowed the use of other storage
media, magnetic tapes and hard disks.
 The advantages of CNC systems include but are not
limited to the possibility to store and execute a
number of large programs, allow editing of programs,
etc.
DISTRIBUTED NUMERICAL CONTROL

 The development of CNC over many years, along


with the development of local area networking, has
evolved in the modern concept of DNC.
 Distributed numerical control is similar to CNC,
except a remote computer is used to control a
number of machines.
 The recent developments use a central computer
which communicates with local CNC computers (also
called Direct Numerical Control).
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

Motivation and uses:


To manufacture complex curved geometries in 2D or
3D was extremely expensive by mechanical means
(which usually would require complex jigs to control
the cutter motions).
Machining components with repeatable accuracy.
Unmanned machining operation
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

Advantages of CNC:
Easy to program.
Easy storage of existing programs.
Easy to change a program.
Avoids human errors.
CNC machines are safer to operate.
Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple
ones.
Usually generates closer tolerances than manual
machines.
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL
CNC TERMINOLOGY

 BLU: basic length unit - smallest programmable


move of each axis.
 Controller: (Machine Control Unit, MCU) - Electronic
and computerized interface between operator and
m/c.
 Controller components:
 Data Processing Unit (DPU).
 Control-Loops Unit (CLU).
TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

 Based on Motion Type : Point-to-Point or Continuous


path.
 Based on Control Loops : Open loop or Closed loop.
 Based on Power Supply : Electric or Hydraulic or
Pneumatic.
 Based on Positioning System : Incremental or
Absolute.
POINT-TO-POINT AND CONTINUOUS PATH
OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP
INCREMENTAL AND ABSOLUTE

INCREMENTAL ABSOLUTE
CNC TURNING
CNC MILLING

You might also like