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Prevalence

The document discusses two types of prevalence rates: point prevalence, which measures existing cases of a disease at a specific time, and period prevalence, which accounts for existing cases during a defined period. It also differentiates between prevalence and incidence, highlighting that prevalence includes both old and new cases, and outlines various mortality rates and their calculations. Additionally, it addresses potential errors in disease measurement and the implications of prevalence in monitoring chronic diseases and public health planning.

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biniam Mesfin
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3 views

Prevalence

The document discusses two types of prevalence rates: point prevalence, which measures existing cases of a disease at a specific time, and period prevalence, which accounts for existing cases during a defined period. It also differentiates between prevalence and incidence, highlighting that prevalence includes both old and new cases, and outlines various mortality rates and their calculations. Additionally, it addresses potential errors in disease measurement and the implications of prevalence in monitoring chronic diseases and public health planning.

Uploaded by

biniam Mesfin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prevalence

Point prevalence and

Period prevalence
prevalence

There are two kinds of prevalence rates, point

prevalence and period prevalence.

When the term ‘’prevalence’’ is used with out

further specification, it generally refers to ‘’point

prevalence.’’
Point prevalence

number of existing
cases of a disease
Point prevalence = at a point in time
Total population

• Point prevalence measure disease at point in time.


But , actual collection of data related to a specific day
may take longer than that one day.
Period prevalence

number of existing
cases of a disease
Period prevalence= during a period
average population
Period prevalence …
• period prevalence is a compound measure
and is constructed from prevalence at a point
in time, plus new cases(incidence) and
recurrences during a succeeding time period.
-used to plan for specific patient care
eg. Cardiac care bed
Prevalence vs incidence
• major difference between incidence and
prevalence is that knowledge of time of on-set
is not required in a prevalence study.
• denominators in prevalence rates always
include the entire related population since the
numerator contains ‘’old’’ as well as ‘’new’’
cases.
Prevalence …
 Life time prevalence:
- variant of period prevalence
- proportion of a population that has a history
of a given disorder at some point in time.
Depend on: incidence
: recollection of distant events
: Migration
: Deaths due to competing causes
Prevalence …
• prevalence determine chronic disease and
work load.
• useful for monitoring control programs
• Used to estimate the importance of a disease
in a population
• Useful in tracking changes in disease patterns
over time
• life time prevalence may include the cases
currently in remission and reduce usefulness.
• Temporal relation cannot be established
high prevalence shows:
 low recovery or low death or both.
Low prevalence shows:
 rapid killer process
 rapid cure of the disease
 low incidence of the illness
Major sources of error in measurement of
disease
• two basic kinds of error exist:
– random (chance) error
Emerges from sampling variability

– systematic (bias) error


Not result from sampling variability and more
important error.
Result of measuring instrument
Measurements of mortality
• mortalities rates and ratios measure the
occurrence of deaths in a population using
different ways.
• Rates measured either the mid-interval
population or average population
• this is done because of population fluctuation
due to death, migration or births.
Formulas for commonly used mortality
rates and ratios
crude death rate (CDR) =

Total n. of deaths reported during


a given time period x 1000
Estimated mid interval population
Age specific mortality rate =

No. of deaths in a specific age


group during a given time x 1000
Estimated mid interval population
of special age group
Sex – specific mortality =

No. of deaths in a specific sex


during a given time x 1000
Estimated mid interval population
of same sex
Cause specific mortality rate =

No. of deaths in a specific cause


during a given time x 100,000
Estimated mid interval population
Proportionate mortality ratio =

No. of deaths from a spe. cause


during a given time x 100
Total no. of deaths from all
causes in the same time
Case fatality Rate (CFR)=

No. of deaths from a specific disease


during a given time x 100
No. of cases of that disease during
the same period
• Infant mortality rate=

No. of deaths under 1 yr of age


reported during a given time x 1000
number of live births reported
during the same time interval
• Neonatal mortality rate =

No of death under 28 days of age


reported during a given time x 1000
no. of live births reported during
the same time interval
• Maternal mortality ratio =

No. of pregnancy associated deaths


of mothers in a given time x 100000
No. of live births in the same time

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