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Lecture 3

The document provides an overview of computer systems, detailing their operations, components, and the information life cycle which includes input, processing, output, and storage. It explains the roles of hardware and software, various input and output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU) along with memory types. Additionally, it discusses the Von Neumann architecture, highlighting its significance in modern computing and the concept of stored programs.

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Zain Ali
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6 views24 pages

Lecture 3

The document provides an overview of computer systems, detailing their operations, components, and the information life cycle which includes input, processing, output, and storage. It explains the roles of hardware and software, various input and output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU) along with memory types. Additionally, it discusses the Von Neumann architecture, highlighting its significance in modern computing and the concept of stored programs.

Uploaded by

Zain Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations and Components of

Computer System

By: Sahar Arooj


What are Computers
• A computer is a machine that, under a
program’s direction and control, performs
four basic operations:
– Input
– Processing
– Output
– Storage
Information life cycle
• Input:
– The computer accepts the data that has been represented in a way the
computer can use
– “The term data refers to unorganized raw material”
• Processing:
– The computer performs arithmetic or logical operations on the
represented data
• Storage:
– The computer saves the result so that they can be used again
• Output:
– The computer can show the result of processing in a way people can
understand
– “The processed data becomes information”.
Information life cycle
Computer Systems
• A computer system is a collection of related
components that have all been designed to
work together smoothly. It includes:
• Hardware : physical components of computer,
including the computer itself and matched
peripherals
• Software : Programs that run on computer
Computer Components
Physical components of computer
Input Devices
• Input devices enable user to get data into the
computer for processing.
• Input devices also used to give a command.
• Keyboard
– Input type : character, numeric, alphanumeric and
special functions
• Mouse
– Input type : pointing, cursor movement, special functions
• Microphone
– Input type : voice, spoken commands
Input Devices
Output Devices
• Output devices shows the result of processing
operations.
• Monitor
– Output type : CRT, LCD or LED display
• Speakers
– Output type : Sounds, Speech
• Printers
– Output type (on Paper) : Inkjet, laser
Output Devices
Input Output Devices
• Some devices are input and output
– Touch screens
Processing Device
• Processing device is called “Central Processing Unit
(CPU)” located in a case called System Unit
• Now a days, computers has mini CPU called micro-
processor or processor consist of an electronic chip
• System unit contains additional components along
with central processing unit :
– Motherboard
– Memory
– Buses
– Expansion slots
Processing Device
• The CPU fetches instructions from memory,
decodes them, executes the required
operations (using the ALU and registers), and
then writes back results to memory or sends
output to I/O devices. This cycle is often
referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Processing Devices
• What are Control Unit and ALU?
– The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) contains the
electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and
logical operations.
– The control unit (CU) of the CPU contains circuitry
that uses electrical signals to direct the entire
computer system to carry out, or execute, stored
program instructions
Memory Devices

• Stores data or programs


• Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Volatile Memory
– Stores current data and programs
– More RAM results in a faster system
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
– Non Volatile Memory
– Permanent storage of programs
– Holds the computer boot directions
• Secondary Memory
• Cache
• Storage devices hold data permanently, all of
programs and data that computer system uses.
• Magnetic Storage
– Magnetic disk or magnetic tapes
– Stores data encoded magnetically
• Optical Storage
– CDs, DVDs
– Stores data in form of microscopic pits that are etched
into the surface of a disc
– Uses a laser to access data
Storage media vs. Storage Devices
• Storage media
– Physical material on which data, instructions, and
information are stored
• Storage device
– Records and retrieves items to and from storage
media
Communication Devices
• Communication devices are used to move data
between computers
• Communication devices enable computers to
connect to computer networks
• Bus is use for computer components internal
communication
• “Modem
– NIC (Network Interface Card) or network connector
– Wifi Cards
Computer Organization | Von Neumann architecture

• Von-Neumann computer architecture design was proposed


in 1945.It was later known as Von-Neumann architecture.
• Historically there have been 2 types of Computers:
1. Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very
specific and they couldn’t be reprogrammed, e.g.
Calculators.
2. Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed
to carry out many different tasks, applications are stored on
them, hence the name.
• Modern computers are based on a stored-program concept
introduced by John Von Neumann. In this stored-program
concept, programs and data are stored in the same
memory. This novel idea meant that a computer built with
this architecture would be much easier to reprogram.
Basic structure of Von-Neumann

It is also known
as ISA (Instruction set
architecture) computer
and is having three
basic units:
1.The Central
Processing Unit (CPU)
2.The Main Memory
Unit
3.The Input/Output
Device
• An accumulator is an energy storage
device: a device which accepts energy,
stores energy, and releases energy as
needed.
• An accumulator is a type of register
included in a CPU (Central Processing
Unit). It acts as a temporary storage
location which holds an intermediate
value in mathematical and logical
calculations.

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