Scribd
Upload
5 views

Part 2 Rad Lecture

Digital radiography is an advanced dental imaging technique that utilizes computer technology for capturing, displaying, and storing radiographic images, offering benefits such as reduced radiation exposure and enhanced image quality. It can be classified into computer radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR), with DR further divided into indirect and direct systems. The document also outlines the importance of dental radiographs, guidelines for patient care, and common errors and artifacts in radiographic imaging.

Uploaded by

endalk.lemma12345
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Part 2 Rad Lecture

Digital radiography is an advanced dental imaging technique that utilizes computer technology for capturing, displaying, and storing radiographic images, offering benefits such as reduced radiation exposure and enhanced image quality. It can be classified into computer radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR), with DR further divided into indirect and direct systems. The document also outlines the importance of dental radiographs, guidelines for patient care, and common errors and artifacts in radiographic imaging.

Uploaded by

endalk.lemma12345
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 51

Digital radiograph

 Digital radiography is the latest


advancement in dental imaging.
 It is slowly being adopted by the dental

profession
 Digital imaging incorporates computer

technology in the capture, display,


enhancement, and storage of direct
radiographic images
 Digital imaging is the result of X-ray
interaction with electrons in electronic
sensor pixels (picture elements).
 Conversion of analog data to digital data,

computer processing, and display of the


visible image on a computer screen.
 It is cassette less system

Can be classified into


1- computer radiographs/CR/
2- digital radiographs /DR/
Computer radiography /CR
 Used phosphor plate/ imaging plate
 Used PSP/ photostimulable phosphor/

detector
 Used cassette holder
 Reading the image by using laser scanner,

Lastly display the image on a computer.


Digital radiograph /DR
It improves the following
 Enhancement of the image – sharpness,

contrast, magnification ,
 3-D reconstruction
 Large storage capacity
 Time saving
 Reduce radiation exposure
 Friendly environment

Classified in to
1- indirect
2- direct
DR
 It is casteless system
 It used TFT/CCD
 Needs new equipment installation
Indirect DR
 It uses cesium iodide as x ray scintillator
 Uses amorphous silicon photodiode to

capture light and convert it to electrical


signal
Direct digital radiograph /DDR
 Uses micro plated electrode
 Uses amorphous selenium photoconductor
Steps of DDR
 Sensor placed in pts mouth
 Exposed to radiation
 Sensor captured radiographic image
 Transmit image to a computer monitor
 Image appears on a screen with in seconds
Conventional radiography VS digital
radiography

Conventional
Digital radiograph
radiograph
 Used chemical
No chemicals
processing. needed
 Used dark room . Immediately used
 More radiation by monitor
exposure Used computer
software for image
enhancement
Less radiation
Used psp/ccd
Types of digital imaging detector

1 = solid state
 Charged couple detector /CCD
 Complementary metal oxide semi

conductor / COSM
 Flat panel detector /FPD

2. Photostimulable phosphor
plate/ PSP
Dental radiograph
Instructor
Dr Abduselam
Classification of dental radiograph
1. Intra oral radiograph
- Periapical
- bitewings
- occlusal
2. Extra oral radiograph
- panoramic
- cephalometric
- CBCT
- sialography
Importance of dental
radiograph
 To detect dental caries
 To assess periodontal conditions
 To assess alveolar bone condition
 To assess tooth anomaly
 To monitor orthodontic procedures
 To identify dental trauma
 To detect cystic lesion of oral cavity
 To measure TMJ condition and assess the

maxillary and mandible bone


Guideline for patient care
 The pt should comfortable on dental chair
 Dentures or orthodontic appliance should be

remove
 A protective lead thyroid collar should be

used
 Intra oral film packets should position

carefully in order to prevent trauma of soft


tissue.
Intra-oral radiographic techniques:
Guidelines for ordering radiographs:
1. Make radiographs only after a proper clinical examinations.
2. Order only those radiographs that directly benefit the patient in term of diagnosis
&treatment.
3. Use the least amount of radiation exposure necessary to generate
 an acceptable view of the imaged area.

Ideal radiographic projection:


The objective of radiography in dentistry is a cast shadow of dental structures,such away
that these shadows will be most informative ..ideal radiograph demonstrate certain image
qualities..which are ;
1. An image that's sharp.
2. An image that's shaped-like the object.
3. An image that's of the same size as the object.
To achieve the best possible result..the following five principles pertaining to
projection geometry should be observed during film exposue:
 1. First rule: the source of radiation should
be as small as possible
 2. Second rule: the distance from the

radiation source to the object should be as


long as possible.
 3. third rule: the distance from the object to

the recording surface on which the shadow


is cast should be as short as possible.
 4. fourth rule: the object & the recording

surface should be parallel.


 5. fifth rule: the radiation should strike both

the object & the recording surface at right


angles..
Film size
 Intra oral film manufactured in five size

Sixe 0 22 X 35 mm Used for children


Size 1 24 X 40 mm Used Anterior
teeth for adults
Size 2 (standard 31 X 41 mm used to anterior
film ) and posterior
teeth for adults
Size 3 27 X 54 mm Used to all
posterior teeth
Size 4 57 X 76 mm Used to upper
and lower jaw
Image characteristics
 Density
 Contrast
 Resolution
Contrast
Density
Spatial resolution
RADIOGRAPHIC ERRORS AND ARTIFACTS

Quality Evaluation Criteria

1. All radiographs must have acceptable image


(details, definition, density & contrast).
2. All crowns and roots including apices are fully
depicted together with interproximal alveolar
crests, tooth contact areas, and surrounding apical
bone regions.
3. Image of all teeth and other structures are
shown in proper relative size and contour with
minimal distortion and without overlapping
images, where anatomically possible.
4. The radiograph is free from film handling and
processing errors.
 The dental radiographer must remember
that only diagnostic images are useful. A
diagnostic dental image is one that has
been properly placed, exposed, processed
or retrieved; errors in any one of these
areas may result in nondiagnostic images.
In many instances, nondiagnostic images
must be retaken
Types of Artifacts
Technique Artifacts.
Exposure Artifacts.
Processing Artifacts.
Technical artifact
Patient Preparation Errors:
Radiopaque artifact
Appearance: as radiopaque artifact
superimposed over the dental image.
Cause : Dental appliances left in the mouth
during exposure, jewelry & eye glasses.
Correction : all this items should be removed
before placing of the film.
Appearance: Blurred image appears on
the film.
Cause:
1.The patient move during exposure of the
film.
2.Movement of the tube.
3. Movement of the film.
Correction :
 stabilize the patients head, tube, and film,

before exposing the radiograph


Techniques artifact
 Apices cut off
 The crown of the tooth not shown
 Dot artifact
 Double image
 Tongue or finger artifact
 overlapping error – incorrect horizontal

angulations
 Shape distortion – vertical angulations is
excessive / shortening
- vertical angulations is decreased
/elongation
 Con cut - related to PID position
Angulation is a term used to describe
the alignment of the central ray of the x-
ray beam in the horizontal and vertical
planes. Angulation can be varied by moving
the position indicating device (PID) in either
a horizontal or a vertical direction.
Horizontal angulation refers to the
positioning of the PID in a horizontal, or
side-to-side, plane. Vertical angulation
refers to the positioning of the PID in a
vertical, or up-and-down,plane.
 Exposure factor and time problems
over exposure
under exposure
 Unexposed Receptor
Receptor. This error may occur with digital
sensors (direct or indirect) or film.
 Appearance. When using film, the image

appears clear
 When using a digital sensor, the image

appears blank or white with no structures


recorded
Cause - The receptor was not exposed to x-
radiation. With
film or sensors, causes include failure to turn
on the x-ray
machine, electrical failure, x-ray unit
malfunction, or failure to
align the PID over the receptor. With some
digital imaging
systems, a xed time interval exists during
which the receptor
must be exposed, or the system “times out.” If
the exposure does not take place within that
fixed time interval, no exposure of the
receptor occurs and no image is produced.
Overexposed Receptor
 Receptor - This error may occur with digital

sensors (direct or indirect) or film.


 Appearance. The image appears dark or high in

density

Cause. The receptor was exposed to too much


radiation.
An overexposed image results from excessive
exposure
time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage, or a
combination of these
factors. Too much exposure time is the most
common cause of
overexposure.
Underexposed Receptor
 Receptor. This error may occur with digital

sensors (direct or indirect) or film.


 Appearance. The image appears light or low in

density The receptor was exposed to too little


radiation.
Cause. The receptor was exposed to too little
radiation.
An underexposed image results from
inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage, or
milliamperage, or a combination of these
factors.
 Too little exposure time is the most common

cause of
underexposure.
Processing artifact
 Time and temperature errors.
Chemical contamination errors.
Film handling errors.
Lighting errors.

You might also like