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Bio 101 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function (1)

Chapter 4 discusses cell structure and function, defining cells as the basic units of life and outlining the cell theory established by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. It differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the components and functions of various organelles such as the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. The chapter emphasizes understanding cell theory, organelle functions, and the differences between plant and animal cells.

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6 views

Bio 101 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function (1)

Chapter 4 discusses cell structure and function, defining cells as the basic units of life and outlining the cell theory established by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. It differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the components and functions of various organelles such as the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. The chapter emphasizes understanding cell theory, organelle functions, and the differences between plant and animal cells.

Uploaded by

svutpt123
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4: Cell Structure and

Function
Dr. Khiry Sutton
What are cells?

• Cells are the basic units of


life, the smallest structure
capable of performing all
the functions necessary for
life
• All organisms are made up
of cells in a highly
organized, regulated
manner
History of Cells
• Robert Hooke was the
first to discover cells
using an improved
compound microscope in
1665

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/history-cell-discovering-cell
Cell Theory
• Developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, states:
o All organisms are composed of cells
o Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
o Cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-producing
https://www.sciencefacts.net/prokaryotes-vs-eukaryotes.html

Prokaryotes – single Eukaryotes – contain


cell organisms like membrane bound
yeast and bacteria organelles and nuclei
Prokaryotes
E. Coli Bacteria
Other Prokaryotic Terms
• Cell Envelope –
o Plasma membrane controls entry and exit of the cell
o Cell wall which contains a unique molecule called peptidoglycan that
several antibodies target, maintains the shape
o the glycocalyx is basically a slime layer, helps against drying out and
helps attach to surfaces
• Plasmid is an extra ring of DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
Used for gene manipulation
• Pili are tubular structures used by prokaryotes to pass DNA
from cell to cell
https://rajusbiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Difference-Between-Cilia-and-Flagella.webp
Eukaryotic Cells
• The main distinguishing aspect
is the presence of organelles.
• Organelles are membrane
structures in the cytoplasm.
• Evidence suggests eukaryotic
cells evolved from prokaryotic.
"Endosymbiotic theory"
explains the evidence for
chloroplast and mitochondria
absorption
Nucleus
• The nucleus contains the
genetic information for a
cell. The brains of the cell
• Chromatin is DNA wrapped
around proteins. When
chromatin condense it
becomes chromosomes.
• Nuclear pores facilitate
movement
• Nucleolus makes
ribosomes
Ribosomes

• Ribosomes create
proteins.
• The workers of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• The ER consists of both the
rough ER (contains
ribosomes) and the smooth
ER.
• The Rough ER helps
produce proteins. Assembly
factory
• The Smooth ER helps
produce lipids.
The Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi packages and


distributes molecules about
or from the cell. (Amazon)
• Vesicles are the packaging
box.
Cellular Membrane

• The cell membrane or


plasma membrane
controls what enters and
leaves a cell.
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes have low pH
and contain enzymes that
digest macromolecules
and bacteria, as well as
recycling organelles
• Autophagy is the
breakdown of the interna
structures by lysosome
• White blood cells have a
large portion of lysosomes
Peroxisomes

• Peroxisomes contain
enzymes that break down
fatty acids and lipids
• Peroxisomes produce
hydrogen peroxide (toxic
molecule)
Vacuoles
• Vacuoles are storage
sacs. Can contain water
waste, and nutrients.
• Animals typically have a
few small vacuoles.
• Plants contain a large
central vacuole. This
vacuole helps add support
to the cell.
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria produce energy
(ATP) for the cells.
• Mitochondria have 2
membranes: outer and inner.
• The folds of the inner
membrane are called cristae
• The matrix is the semifluid that
fills the mitochondria
Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts are responsible


for photosynthesis
(converting solar energy into
carbohydrates).
The Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton provides
structure.
• Actin are long, thin, flexible
fibers that help the
movement of the cell and
organelles.
• Intermediate filaments
provide support and
strength to cells
• Microtubules help maintain
chape and move organelles
Summary
• Understand the cell theory.
• Know the components of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
• Be able to identify the difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
• Be able to label the different cells and the organelles
• Be able to indicate the difference in plant and animal cells.
• Know organelle functions.
Questions?

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