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CHM 201 Lecture Serires 4

Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr atomic model in 1913, which improved upon Rutherford's model by introducing fixed orbital shells for electrons around a positively charged nucleus. Electrons in these orbits have specific energy levels, and they can absorb or emit energy when transitioning between levels. However, Bohr's model has limitations, including its failure to comply with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and its inability to accurately predict the behavior of larger atoms.

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8 views

CHM 201 Lecture Serires 4

Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr atomic model in 1913, which improved upon Rutherford's model by introducing fixed orbital shells for electrons around a positively charged nucleus. Electrons in these orbits have specific energy levels, and they can absorb or emit energy when transitioning between levels. However, Bohr's model has limitations, including its failure to comply with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and its inability to accurately predict the behavior of larger atoms.

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Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic Model

• A Danish physicist named Neil Bohr in 1913 proposed the Bohr atomic model.
He modified the problems and limitations associated with Rutherford’s model
of an atom. Earlier in Rutherford Model, Rutherford explained in an atom a
nucleus is positively charged and is surrounded by electrons (negatively
charged particles).
• The electrons move around in a predictable path called orbits. Bohr modified
Rutherford’s model where he explained that electrons move around in fixed
orbital shells. Furthermore, he explained that each orbital shell has fixed
energy levels. Therefore, Rutherford basically explained a nucleus of an atom
whereas Bohr took the model one step ahead. He explained about electrons
and the different energy levels associated with them.
What is Bohr’s Model of an Atom
• According to the Bohr Atomic model, a small positively charged nucleus is surrounded by
revolving negatively charged electrons in fixed orbits. He concluded that electron will have
more energy if it is located away from the nucleus whereas electrons will have less energy
if it located near the nucleus.

• Bohr’s Model of an Atom (Source Credit: Britannica)


Postulates of Bohr Atomic Model
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a fixed circular path termed “orbits” or “shells” or “energy level.”
 The orbits are termed as “stationary orbit.”
 Every circular orbit will have a certain amount of fixed energy and these circular orbits were termed orbital shells. The electrons will not
radiate energy as long as they continue to revolve around the nucleus in the fixed orbital shells.
 Jumping of an electron from one energy level to the other- Ground state and excited state: as long as an electron remains in a particular
orbit, it neither emits nor absorbs energy. But when an electron is excited from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, it absorbs
energy. On the other hand, when it comes back from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy.
The different energy levels are denoted by integers such as n=1 or n=2 or n=3 and so on. These are called quantum numbers. The range of
quantum numbers may vary and begin from the lowest energy level (nucleus side n=1) to the highest energy level.
The different energy levels or orbits are represented in two ways such as 1, 2, 3, 4… or K, L, M, N….. shells. The lowest energy level of the
electron is called the ground state.
The change in energy occurs when the electrons jump from one energy level to other. In an atom, the electrons move from lower to higher
energy level by acquiring the required energy. However, when an electron loses energy it moves from higher to lower energy level.
Therefore,
• 1st orbit (energy level) is represented as K shell and it can hold up to 2 electrons.
• 2nd orbit (energy level) is represented as L shell and it can hold up to 8 electrons.
• 3rd orbit (energy level) is represented as M shell and it can contain up to 18 electrons.
• 4th orbit (energy level) is represented as N Shell and it can contain maximum 32 electrons.
Distribution of Electrons in Orbits or
Shells
• Electronic distribution of various orbits or energy levels can be
calculated by the formula 2n2. Here, ‘n’ denotes the number of orbits.
• The number of electrons in K shell (1st orbit) can be calculated by
2n2= 2 x 12 = 2. Thus, maximum number of electrons in 1st orbit = 2
• Similarly, The number of electrons in L shell (2nd orbit)= 2 x 22 = 8.
Thus, maximum number of electrons in 2nd orbit = 8
• We can determine the maximum number of electrons in a similar way.
Bohr’s theory of the atomic
spectrum of hydrogen
•
Limitations of Bohr’s Model of an
Atom
• Bohr’s model no longer observes the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
• The Neils Bohr atomic version speculation considers electrons to have each
recognised function and momentum simultaneously, that’s unthinkable as
indicated with the aid of using Heisenberg.
• The Bohr atomic version no longer makes an accurate prediction of large-
sized atoms and furnishes enough statistics that are simplest for smaller
atoms.
• Bohr’s model does not make clear the Zeeman effect whilst the spectrum is
cut up into some wavelengths in the sight of a magnetic field.
• It does not state the Stark effect whilst the spectrum receives separated
into nearly negligible strains in the sight of an electric powered field
de Broglie Relation.
•
de Broglie Relation
•
de Broglie Relation
•
de Broglie Relation
•
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
•
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
•

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