DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1
 WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive
change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social
components.
In Terms of Economics Development is a comprehensive term which
include increase in real per capita income, improvement in living
standard of people, reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc.
 TWO ASPECTS
/PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT

WHAT MAY BE
DEVELOPMENT FOR ONE
DIFFERENT PERSONS MAY NOT BE
CAN HAVE DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE
DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OTHER.IT MAY BE EVEN
DESTRUCTIVE FOR THE
OTHER.
DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT
DEVELOPMENTL GOALS
WHAT MAY BE DEVELOPMENT FOR ONE MAY
NOT BE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE OTHER
 A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother,
and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may
not like this.
 DEVELOPMENT MAY BE EVEN
DESTRUCTIVE FOR THE OTHER
 To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this
may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are
displaced – such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small
check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
 If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to
consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your
family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.

 In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular
employment that enhances your sense of security.

 Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also
leave no time for your family.

 This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

 LET’S WORK THESE OUT
1. Why do different persons have different notions of development?
Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
ANS
Q2 Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.

ANS
3. Give some examples where factors other than income are
important aspects of our lives.
ANS
Look at the picture on the right.
What should be the developmental
goals for such an area?
The developmental goals of this rea
will be:
1) Availability of loans for making
pucca houses with own toilets.
2) Ownership of the land on which
they live.
3) Availability of municipal services
like electricity, water and sanitation.
4) Regular employment.
5) Medical facility in the locality like
dispensary.
Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in
a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in
Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste
caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven
persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for
symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum
and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose
the toxic waste from its ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
Ans Those who dumped the toxic waste have benefitted while the people
of Abidjan In Ivory Coast were not benefitted.
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Ans Pollution awareness
In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this
criterion is used in classifying countries.
Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in
2017, are called
Countries with perrich countries
capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017,
those with rich
are called percountries
capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries.
India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its
Those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.
The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other
small countries, are generally called developed countries.
India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per
capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.

The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small
countries, are generally called developed countries.
Pg 8 in the text book
1. Give three examples where an average is used
for comparing situations.
Ans 1) Average income of two countries.
2) Average speed of two vehicles over a distance,
3) Average height of the students in two different
classes of a school,
2. Why do you think average income is an important
criterion for development? Explain.

Ans It is an important criterion because it tells us what

an average person is likely to earn and also gives some
idea about the rising standard of living. Prosperity of a
country depends not only on its national income but
also on the number of people who would share it.
Incase the number of people is large, the average
income will be less. This is the case in India .
3. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of
income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Ans Average income i.e percapita income is important but not

the only criterion for development.Along with average income,
equitable distribution of income in a country should also be
considered.
4. Suppose records show that the average income in a country
has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we
conclude that all sections of the economy have become better?
Illustrate your answer with an example.

Ans) All sections of the economy have become better

cannot be concluded because different sections of the economy
may have become better or worse. An example is the current
situation of India , where the average income has increased
every year, the service sector has increased very much but
agriculture is virtually having no growth.
5. From the text, find out the per capita
income level of low-income countries as per
World Development Reports.

Ans per capita income of US$ 955 or less are

called low-income countries.
 INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA:
1) When we looked at individual aspirations and goals,
we found that people not only think of better income
but also have goals such as security, respect for
others, equal treatment, freedom, etc. in mind.

2) Similarly, when we think of a nation or a region, we

may, besides average income, think of other equally
important attributes.
 we can take it to be the per capita income of the state.
 We find that of the three, Haryana has the highest per capita income and
Bihar is at the bottom.
 This means that, on an average, a person in Haryana earned Rs 1,80,174
in one year whereas, on an average, a person in Bihar earned only
around Rs 34,409.
 So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of
development,
 Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least
developed state of the three.
 WHAT DOES THIS TABLE SHOW?
The first column of the table shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children
born, 10 died before completing one year of age but in Haryana the
proportion of children dying within one year of birth was 30, which is two
times more than that of Kerala. On the other hand, the per capita income
of Haryana is more than that of Kerala
The problem does not end with Infant Mortality Rate. The last column of
table 1.4 shows around half of the children aged 14-15 in Bihar are not
attending school beyond Class 8.
 PUBLIC FACILITIES
1) How is it that the average person in Haryana has more
income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind
in these crucial areas?
2) The reason is — money in your pocket cannot buy all
the goods and services that you may need to live well.
3) So, income by itself is not a completely adequate
indicator of material goods and services that citizens are
able to use.
4) For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a
pollution-free environment or ensure that you get
unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to
a community that already has all these things.
5) Money may also not be able to protect you from
infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community
takes preventive steps.
6) Actually for many of the important
things in life the best way, also the
cheapest way, is to provide these goods
and services collectively.

7) Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate

because it has adequate provision of basic
health and educational facilities.

8) Similarly, in some states, the Public

Distribution System (PDS) functions well.
Health and nutritional status of people of
such states is certainly likely to be better.
1. Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in
literacy rate etc., as it is in terms of per capita income?
4. In Tamil Nadu, 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas use a ration
shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 per cent of rural people do so.
Where would people be better off and why?

 Ans Because of public facilities development in Tamil Nadu is better. It

is closely linked to public facilities.

 In West Bengal, all the poor people cannot get good food because of the
very poor public distribution system

 If they cannot get food the mortality rate increases and also the literacy
rate decreases.

 Thus, West Bengal is regarded as less developed than that of Tamilnadu.

Ans: a) 76%,54%,15%males and 18% females
b) 18%,15%,10%,13%
c) 10-14
 HOW TO CALCULATE BMI
One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).
Body Mass Index (BMI):
BMI stand for body mass index it is the ratio of your weight and the height and it
will tell whether you are underweight or normal or overweight.Step 1 : Weight of
person in kg and height in metres is taken.
Step 2 : Divide the weight by the square of the height.

Step 3 :
If BMI < 18.5, then person is undernourished.
If BMI > 25, then person is overweight. (Note : This criterion is not applicable to
growing children)
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

 Human Development Report published by UNDP(United Nations

Development Programme) compares countries based on the
educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita
income.

It would be interesting to look at certain relevant data regarding India
and its neighbours from Human Development Report 2019.
 SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
• 1.
Since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have
been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not
sustainable.Let us understand through the following example:
(a) Why ground water is overused?
Ans Groundwater is a highly overused resource
because of the following reasons : (a) Due to
large and growing population and consequent
greater demands for water and unequal access to
it. ... (b) In the housing societies or colonies in the
cities, there is an arrangement of own ground
water pumping devices to meet water needs.

(b) Can there be development without overuse?

Ans Yes it is possible to have development
without overuse. This is possible if we practice
sustainable development which involves using of
resources judiciously.