INTRODUCTION TO AMMUNITION

POV- “IN THE END, IT’S NOT THE WEAPON, BUT THE BULLET THAT DOES THE TALKING.”
By- Shikhar
Mathur
Ammunition is the core of any firearm,
supplying the force that propels a
projectile towards a target. This
presentation explores the fundamental
aspects of ammunition and its
components.
 SECTION 2
THE ARMS ACT, 1959
Ammunition: Refers to ammunition for any firearm and includes:
• Rockets, bombs, grenades, shells, and other missiles.
• Articles for torpedo service and submarine mining.
• Items containing explosive, fulminating, or fissionable material.
• Charges for firearms and accessories.
• Fuses and friction tubes.
• Parts and machinery for manufacturing ammunition.
• Ingredients of ammunition specified by the government
COMPONENTS OF AN AMMUNITION
• Small-arms ammunition is always of the fixed type;
• complete rounds are usually called cartridges, and projectiles
are called bullets (or shot in shotguns).
• Cartridge cases are most commonly made of brass, although
steel is also widely used, and cases for shotgun pellets are
made of brass and cardboard.
Rifle Cartridge
1.A rifle cartridge consists of several key components. The brass or steel casing
provides the structural integrity and contains the explosive charge. The primer,
located at the base of the casing, is responsible for igniting the propellant
powder inside. When the firing pin strikes the primer, it creates a small explosion
that rapidly ignites the powder. This propellant powder generates a high-
pressure gas that propels the bullet down the barrel and towards the target.
2.The bullet itself is the projectile that travels downrange. Rifle bullets come in a
variety of shapes, sizes, and materials depending on the cartridge and intended
use. Common bullet types include full metal jacket, hollow point, and boat-tail
designs, each with their own unique characteristics and performance.
Shotgun Cartridge
1.Shotgun cartridges, also known as shells, have a slightly different construction
compared to rifle cartridges. The shell casing is typically made of paper, plastic,
or a combination of materials. Inside the casing is the primer, which ignites the
propellant powder when struck by the firing pin.
2.Rather than a single bullet, shotgun shells contain multiple pellets or a single
larger projectile called a slug. These pellets or slugs are held in place by a wad,
which acts as a seal and helps guide the projectiles out of the barrel. Shotgun
shells come in various gauge sizes, such as 12 gauge or 20 gauge, as well as
different load configurations, like birdshot, buckshot, or slug, to suit different
hunting and shooting applications.
 GLOSSARY OF AMMUNITION
1. Reloaded Ammunition – Ammunition produced by reusing previously fired cartridge
cases.
2. Proof Ammunition – Ammunition specifically engineered for conducting firearm
proof tests, as per specific legal requirements.
3. Munitions and ordance - A broad term encompassing various explosive devices,
including hand-thrown grenades, other grenades and shells, ammunition for anti-
armor rifles and rocket launchers, artillery ammunition, bombs, torpedoes, both
guided and unguided missiles, cluster munitions, explosive boosters, mines,
pyrotechnic shells, decoys, battlefield deception devices, screening and obscuring
tools, signaling and illuminating devices, and booby traps, along with their remote
control systems. It also includes key components such as artillery projectiles,
propellants, detonators, fuzes, and initiators.
4. Armour-piercing projectile - A projectile loaded into ammunition that has armour-
piercing properties on account of its design or on account of its impact energy; as a
rule, the armour-piercing projectiles loaded into such ammunition are combined-
effects projectiles designed for military or special use
 GLOSSARY OF AMMUNITION
5. Blank – A composite whole designed to be loaded into a blank-firing firearm,
blank-firing device or special firearm; it consists of a cartridge case and primer or
priming mixture, and may contain propellant, propellant granules, or irritant
chemicals.
6. Training cartridge – A cartridge designed to imitate the sound and light effects of
live fire.
7. Dummy ammunition - Ammunition, munitions and ordnance of the same shape
and size as the original, but not containing explosives or other energetic material.
Dummy ammunition, munitions and ordnance may be made of substitute (inert)
material and may contain substitute (inert) fillings.
8. Inert ammunition - Ammunition, munitions and ordnance not containing
explosives or other energetic material. The term refers to dismantled, deactivated,
cutaway and dummy ammunition, munitions and ordnance.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Full Metal Jacket (FMJ):

Full metal jacket (FMJ) refers to a type of ball ammunition where the bullet features a soft lead core
fully encased in a harder metal shell. FMJ ammunition offers several benefits, including smoother
feeding from the magazine into the chamber, reducing the risk of misfeeds or stoppages.
Additionally, FMJ bullets can withstand higher velocities without deformation and typically provide
deeper penetration compared to other types of ammunition.

Hollow Point (HP):

Hollow point (HP) ammunition is characterized by a cavity at the tip of the bullet, which is usually
made from a soft material like lead. This hollow tip is designed to facilitate rapid expansion upon
impact, releasing a significant amount of energy. This energy release minimizes the likelihood of the
projectile passing through the target and causing collateral damage beyond it.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP):
Jacketed hollow point (JHP) bullets are similar to full metal jacket bullets but with a shallow cavity at
the tip, revealing the softer material beneath the jacket. This design is favored for self-defense
purposes due to its enhanced stopping power. The jacket maintains the integrity of the bullet until
impact, at which point the hollow point facilitates controlled expansion, causing the bullet to
mushroom and increase its effectiveness.

Semi-Jacketed Hollow Point (SJHP):

The semi-jacketed hollow point (SJHP) is similar to jacketed hollow point ammunition but with a key
difference: the jacket that encases the soft core does not extend to the top of the bullet. This design
provides the stopping power of jacketed hollow points while allowing for deeper penetration. Upon
impact, SJHP bullets expand uniformly into a large diameter, making them highly effective. This type
of ammunition is commonly used in revolvers, particularly in calibers like .38 Special and .357
Magnum.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Soft Point (SP):

Soft point (SP) ammunition, also known as soft-nosed, features a full metal jacket with an exposed
soft lead tip. This design allows the bullet to expand upon impact, creating a larger wound channel
than the original bullet diameter. SP ammunition is widely used in hunting, with many rifle
manufacturers producing this type of projectile specifically for hunters.

Wad Cutter (WC):

Wad cutters (WC) are unjacketed, flat-tipped bullets that sit flush with the cartridge casing. They are
primarily used for target shooting, as they create clean, round holes in paper targets, resembling
those made by a hole punch. This precision makes wad cutters ideal for scoring in competitive
shooting.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Semi-Wad Cutters (SWC):

Semi-wad cutters (SWC) are similar to soft-lead truncated bullets. They are known for their accuracy
and ability to expand easily upon impact. This type of ammunition was commonly used by law
enforcement before the introduction of semi-jacketed hollow points.

Ballistic Tip (BT):

Ballistic tip (BT) bullets, also known as polymer tip ammunition, feature a jacketed hollow point
design with a polymer or plastic tip inserted into the hollow cavity. These bullets were specifically
developed for rifle cartridges used in hunting. The polymer tip improves the bullet’s aerodynamic
stability, ensuring a better flight path before expanding upon impact.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Bonded Bullet (BB):
A bonded bullet (BB) is a jacketed bullet in which the jacket is chemically or molecularly bonded to
the lead alloy core. This design is intended for deep penetration, making it suitable for self-defense
hollow point ammunition as well as jacketed solids used in hunting dangerous game. Bonded bullets
are engineered to stay intact as they penetrate the target.

Steel Core (SC):

Steel core (SC) bullets, often referred to as armor-piercing or green tip ammunition, feature a steel
rod or small steel bullet encased in a jacketed lead or directly covered by the jacket on the steel
core. The tips of these bullets are frequently painted green, giving rise to the term “green tip
ammunition,” though they should not be confused with green ballistic tip bullets. Due to the
potential damage they can cause, steel core ammunition is typically banned at gun ranges.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Truncated Cone Bullet (TC):
A truncated cone (TC) bullet is a cone-shaped projectile with a flat nose. This design is versatile and
can be applied to various bullet types, including soft point, jacketed, or hollow point bullets.
Truncated cone bullets are favored by target shooters for their excellent aerodynamics and ability to
create clean, precise holes in targets.

Flat Nose (FN):

Flat nose (FN) bullets are similar in design to truncated bullets. They are known for their accuracy
and high visibility, making them ideal for target shooting and competitive events. The clear visibility
of the impact point allows shooters to easily assess their hits and make necessary adjustments
during competition.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Boat Tail (BT):
Boat tail (BT) bullets are named after their boat-like shape, featuring a rounded or pointed front end
(like a bow) and a tapered rear end (like a stern). The tapered end is seated within the cartridge
casing, contributing to the bullet’s aerodynamic stability as it travels through the air. This design is
highly favored by rifle shooters for its enhanced accuracy and stability.

Plated Bullets:
Plated bullets are projectiles that have a thin layer of metal, such as copper or brass, applied over the
core material. This metal plating serves several purposes:
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Lead Bullets:
Lead bullets are projectiles made primarily of lead or a lead alloy. They are known for their soft,
malleable nature, which allows them to expand upon impact. Lead bullets are commonly used in
target shooting and hunting due to their affordability and effective performance in many firearms.
However, they can cause significant barrel fouling and are less environmentally friendly compared to
other types of bullets.

Special Bullets:
Special bullets refer to projectiles designed for specific purposes or applications, beyond standard
ammunition types. This category includes a wide range of bullets, such as those with unique designs
for specialized tasks like defensive use, tactical operations, or training. Examples include hollow
points for self-defense, subsonic bullets for suppressed firearms, and others tailored for specific
needs.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Tracer Bullets:
Tracer bullets are designed with a pyrotechnic element in their base that ignites upon firing. This
creates a visible trail of light, allowing shooters to see the trajectory of the bullet and make
adjustments in real-time. Tracer bullets are commonly used in military and tactical settings for
targeting, aiming, and tracking purposes.

Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API):

Armor-piercing incendiary (API) bullets combine two features: armor-piercing capability and incendiary
effects. The core of the bullet is designed to penetrate armored targets, while the incendiary
component ignites upon impact, causing additional damage through fire. API bullets are used in
military applications to penetrate and destroy armored vehicles, equipment, and structures.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Frangible Bullets:
Frangible bullets are designed to break apart upon impact with hard surfaces, such as metal or
concrete. They are made from materials that fragment into small, non-lethal pieces when they hit a
target. Frangible bullets are often used for training and indoor shooting ranges to minimize the risk of
ricochets and reduce potential damage to the range environment.

Reduced Range Bullets:

Reduced range bullets are designed to limit the distance they travel compared to standard
ammunition. This is achieved through modifications such as reduced powder charges or special
projectile designs. These bullets are used in training scenarios and indoor ranges where limiting the
range of the projectile enhances safety and minimizes the risk of stray shots.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
Spherical Projectiles

• Used in shotguns, muskets, pest guns, and other short-range firearms.

• Made up from hardened lead alloy.
• Used as single projectile or multiple as well.
• Molten lead alloy is dropped through seives from a height of about 50 to 75 metres in towers,
a blast of cold air is sent upward in the tower. the pellets aare formed during the fall.

The smooth bore firearm use the following types of projectiles that can be divided intor majorly 3
categories:
1- Pellets
2- Buckshots
3- Slugs
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Pellets- Spherical projectiles that are fired from a shotgun shell.

Types of Pellets
1. Lead Pellets:
• Description: Traditionally, most shotgun pellets are made of lead. They are known for their density
and effectiveness in spreading a wide pattern upon firing.
• Applications: Commonly used for hunting game birds, small game, and in some target shooting
scenarios.

2. Steel Pellets:
• Description: Steel pellets are a non-toxic alternative to lead. They are harder and lighter than lead
pellets.
• Applications: Often used in waterfowl hunting where lead is prohibited due to environmental
concerns.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS
3. Bismuth Pellets:
• Description: Bismuth pellets are another non-toxic option that is denser and softer than steel but
harder than lead.
• Applications: Used in hunting where lead is banned, offering performance similar to lead with less
environmental impact.
4. Tungsten Pellets:
• Description: Tungsten pellets are very dense and heavy. They are often used in high-performance
ammunition for specific hunting needs.
• Applications: Used for hunting larger game where high density and stopping power are required.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Function of Pellets

• Pattern Distribution: When fired, pellets spread out in a pattern, which increases the likelihood of
hitting a moving target such as a bird or small game.

• Impact and Stopping Power: The number and size of pellets affect the ammunition’s effectiveness
in delivering sufficient impact force and stopping power.

• Versatility: Different types of pellets and loads are chosen based on the specific needs of the hunt
or shooting scenario.
 COMMON TYPES OF BULLETS

Types of Shotgun Loads

1. Buckshot:
• Description: Buckshot consists of larger pellets (usually 0.24 inches in diameter or larger) and is
designed for stopping power at shorter ranges.
• Applications: Commonly used for home defense and hunting larger game such as deer.

2. Birdshot:
• Description: Birdshot features smaller pellets (typically ranging from 0.08 to 0.20 inches in
diameter) and is used to create a wide spread pattern.
• Applications: Ideal for hunting small game birds and pests.

3. Slug:
• Description: A slug is a single, solid projectile rather than multiple pellets. It offers greater
accuracy and stopping power at longer ranges.
• Applications: Used for hunting larger game and self-defense where precise, powerful shots are
needed.
 TYPES OF CARTRIDGE CASE

• Includes all components (projectile, primer, propellant) within a single unit for ease
of handling and loading.
• Withstands the impact of the firing pin during ignition.
• Creates a gas seal (obturation) to prevent gas leakage.
 TYPES OF CARTRIDGE CASE

• Includes all components (projectile, primer, propellant) within a single unit for ease
of handling and loading.
• Withstands the impact of the firing pin during ignition.
• Creates a gas seal (obturation) to prevent gas leakage

Cartridge cases typically come in three main shapes:

1. Straight Cased: The diameter of the case remains consistent along its entire length.

2. Bottle-Necked: This design features a wider case that tapers to a narrower

diameter near the case mouth to match the bullet’s size. This configuration allows for
a larger volume of propellant, resulting in higher velocities compared to straight-sided
cases.

3. Tapered Case: The case gradually narrows from a wider base along its length.
Base Configurations of Cartridge Cases:

Rimless

Semi-Rimmed

Rimmed

Rebated

Belted
• Rimmed: These cases have a flange at the base that is larger than the body diameter. This flange
facilitates cartridge extraction from the firearm. In metric designations, rimmed cases are often
marked with an ‘R’ following the case length measurement.

• Semi-Rimmed: These cases feature a flange that is slightly larger than the body diameter and a
groove around the case body just in front of the flange. In metric designations, semi-rimmed cases
are indicated by ‘SR.’

• Rimless: Rimless cases have a base diameter that is the same as the body diameter, with a
groove around the case body for extraction purposes. This type generally lacks a specific letter
designation. Semi-rimmed or rimless ammunition is commonly used in self-loading pistols.

• Rebated: Rebated cases have an extractor flange smaller than the case diameter. In metric
designations, this type is marked with ‘RB.’ Rebated cases are often used in high-powered cannon
ammunition.

• Belted Case: Belted cases feature a prominent raised belt encircling the base, which provides
additional strength for high-pressure cartridges. The metric designation for this type is ‘B.’ Belted
cases are typically found in high-powered rifle cartridges and military cannon ammunition.
Centerfire Cartridges:

• Description: Centerfire cartridges have the primer located at the center of the base
of the cartridge case. This configuration allows the firing pin to strike the primer
directly, igniting the propellant.

• Reloading: Easier to reload compared to rimfire cartridges, as the primer can be

replaced once it has been struck.

• Applications: Used in a wide range of firearms, including rifles, handguns, and

shotguns. Common in both hunting and self-defense ammunition.

• Examples: .223 Remington, .45 ACP, .308 Winchester.

Rimfire Cartridges:

• Description: Rimfire cartridges have the primer located within the rim of the
cartridge case. When the firing pin strikes the rim, it ignites the primer and
propellant.

• Cost-Effective: Generally less expensive to manufacture and purchase.

• Applications: Typically used in smaller calibers, such as .22 LR, and are commonly
found in rifles and pistols for recreational shooting, training, and small game hunting.

• Examples: .22 Long Rifle, .17 HMR.

Pinfire Cartridges:

• Description: Pinfire cartridges have a pin-like firing mechanism protruding from the
base of the cartridge. When the pin is struck by the firing pin of the firearm, it ignites
the primer and propellant.

• Historical Use: Mostly used in historical firearms and are less common in modern
ammunition.

• Applications: Historically used in some pistols and rifles, but largely replaced by
centerfire and rimfire systems.

• Examples: Various historical calibers, such as the 9mm Pinfire.

 Wads
In shotgun ammunition, there are a number of wads.
1- Over-Powder Wad
2- Cushion-Wad
3- Under-Shot Wad
4- Over-Shot Wad
 Wads
Over-Powder Wad:

• Description: This type of wad is placed directly over the powder charge in the
shotgun shell.

• Material: Typically made of fiber, cardboard, or plastic.

•Function:
• Gas Seal: Creates a tight seal between the powder and the shot, preventing
gas leakage and ensuring maximum pressure is applied to propel the shot.
• Shock Absorption: Cushions the shot column during firing, helping to reduce
deformation of the shot and improve accuracy.
 Wads
Cushion Wad:

• Description: Positioned between the over-powder wad and the shot charge.

• Material: Made from soft materials such as felt, fiber, or plastic.

Function:
• Shock Absorption: Absorbs the initial shock of firing, reducing the deformation
of the shot.
• Padding: Provides a cushion to protect the shot as it travels down the barrel,
maintaining the shot’s shape and pattern.
 Wads
Shot Wad (Shotcup):

• Description: Encapsulates the shot pellets in modern shotgun shells.

• Material: Usually made of plastic, sometimes biodegradable materials.

Function:
• Protects the Barrel: Prevents direct contact between the shot and the barrel,
reducing lead fouling and barrel wear.
• Improves Patterning: Keeps the shot together as it exits the barrel, aiding in
producing a consistent and tight shot pattern.
 Wads
Over-Shot Wad:

•Description: Placed on top of the shot charge before crimping the shell
closed.

• Material: Thin cardboard or plastic.

Function:
• Secures the Shot: Keeps the shot pellets in place within the shell, preventing
them from moving or spilling out before the shell is fired.
• Provides a Clean Crimp: Ensures a smooth and secure crimp closure, which is
essential for consistent performance and storage stability.
 Wads
Combination Wad:

• Description: Modern wads often combine the functions of over-powder,

cushion, and shot wads into a single unit.

• Material: Usually made of plastic.

Function:
• Multi-Purpose: Serves to seal gas, cushion the shot, and protect the barrel, all
in one component.
• Efficiency: Simplifies the loading process and improves overall shell
performance.
 Wads
Combination Wad:

• Description: Modern wads often combine the functions of over-powder,

cushion, and shot wads into a single unit.

• Material: Usually made of plastic.

Function:
• Multi-Purpose: Serves to seal gas, cushion the shot, and protect the barrel, all
in one component.
• Efficiency: Simplifies the loading process and improves overall shell
performance.
 Case Composition
• Cartridge cases are made of a variety of materials, but the most common are
brass, copper-clad steel, and coated (often ‘lacquered’) steel.
• The material type is often a good indicator of the factory or country of production.

Some key materials are as follows:

• Brass is the most common cartridge case material. It is used primarily for its
optimal elasticity, which allows for a consistently good case-bore seal when a
weapon is fired.
• Most ‘cartridge brass’ is so-called ‘yellow brass’ (for example, Copper Alloy 260,
C260), with a composition of roughly 70 per cent copper and 30 per cent zinc.
• Minor variations in brass composition are sometimes referred to as ‘brass alloy’ to
distinguish them; however, this term is technically redundant.
 Case Composition
• Copper-clad steel, sometimes abbreviated CCS, is frequently and incorrectly
referred to as ‘copper washed steel’. This case material is commonly used in
cartridges from former Eastern countries.
• Coated steel is a common cartridge case composition, with various coatings having
been applied over time.
• Aluminium is primarily used because it weighs less than other materials. It is most
commonly encountered in certain practice ammunition, but is also available in
various pistol calibres for regular use. Aluminium cases may also be coated.
• Polymer (plastic) cartridge cases are most often used in dummy or training rounds,
as well as shotgun cartridges. Polymer cases, weigh significantly less than
conventional (metal) cases.
• Nickel-plated brass cartridge cases are used mainly as an identification feature for
special types of ammunition, such as high-pressure test rounds.
Primers in Ammunition: The Spark of Fire
Functions of Primers:
1. Ignition of Propellant:
• Primary Function: The primary role of a primer is to ignite the propellant powder inside the
cartridge case. When the firing pin strikes the primer, it creates a small explosion that ignites the
propellant, generating high-pressure gases.
• Outcome: These gases propel the bullet or projectile out of the firearm’s barrel.
2. Creation of a Spark:
• Spark Generation: Primers contain a sensitive explosive compound that, when struck, produces a
spark or flame. This spark is crucial for initiating the combustion of the propellant powder.
• Outcome: The ignition of the propellant leads to the expansion of gases and the firing of the
projectile.
3. Consistency and Reliability:
• Reliable Ignition: Primers are designed to provide consistent and reliable ignition of the propellant.
This ensures that each shot fired from the firearm operates under similar conditions, which is vital for
accuracy and performance.
• Outcome: Consistent ignition contributes to the overall performance and reliability of the
4. Sealing the Cartridge:
• Pressure Containment: Primers help seal the cartridge case, preventing the leakage of gases and
ensuring that the high-pressure gases produced during ignition are contained within the chamber.
• Outcome: Proper sealing is crucial for efficient operation and safety, reducing the risk of damage to
the firearm and maintaining effective pressure.
5. Facilitating Safe Operation:
• Controlled Ignition: By initiating the propellant’s combustion in a controlled manner, primers
ensure that the firearm operates safely and as intended.
• Outcome: This controlled ignition minimizes the risk of accidental discharge and enhances the
safety of both the shooter and the firearm.
6. Compatibility with a:
• Cartridge Design: Different types of primers (centerfire, rimfire, etc.) are designed to be
compatible with specific types of firearms. This ensures that the ammunition functions correctly with the
intended firearm.
• Outcome: Proper primer design and placement ensure that ammunition performs as expected in
various types of firearms.
 Types of Primers: Berdan, Boxer, Battery
Primers come in three main types: Berdan, Boxer, and Battery. Each type has a unique design and is used in different types
of ammunition.

The Berdan primer has two small The Boxer primer has a single flash A battery primer is a type of Boxer
flash holes on the opposite side of hole in the center of the primer cup. primer designed to be used in
the primer cup. The primer is ignited The primer is ignited by a single artillery shells and other large-
by two firing pins, each striking one firing pin striking the center of the caliber ammunition. They have a
of the flash holes. These are most primer cup. These are the most larger primer cup and a larger
commonly found in military common type of primer found in charge to reliably ignite large
ammunition. civilian ammunition. amounts of propellant.
 Primer Ignition and Flame Propagation
Primer ignition involves the rapid combustion of the primer compound, creating a high-
pressure flame that travels through the flash hole and ignites the main powder charge in the
cartridge. The flame propagation from the primer is crucial in ensuring reliable ignition and
consistent performance.

Primer Detonation
The primer explodes, creating a hot, high-pressure flame.

Flame Propagation
The flame travels through the flash hole and into the main powder charge.

Powder Ignition
The powder ignites, producing a rapid burn that generates hot gas and press
 Propellants
(i) The term “propellant” refers to a substance that propels projectiles from a firearm.

(ii) To propel a bullet or shotgun charge through the barrel and into the air, a certain amount
of force is required. This force is generated when the powder charge is ignited by the primer,
rapidly converting the powder into gas. This rapid expansion creates high pressure within
the cartridge, forcing the bullet out of the barrel. The three types of propellants commonly
used are:
(a) Gunpowder (Black powder)
(b) Smokeless powder
(c) Semi-smokeless powder
 Gun Powder

Gunpowder is the oldest known propellant, first invented by the Chinese around the tenth century. Initially, it
was used for signaling and in fireworks.

• Gunpowder is composed of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal in approximate proportions of

75:15:10.
• It is not suitable for high-velocity ammunition, as achieving high projectile velocities requires large
amounts of powder.
• The powder leaves a significant amount of solid residue, which can foul the barrel of the firearm.
• When kept dry, gunpowder remains fairly stable over long periods.
• The powder is glazed and polished to enhance its storage life.
• Gunpowder produces substantial smoke and fouling of the target.
• It is primarily used in muzzle-loading firearms and blank cartridges.
• Gunpowder is available in various grain sizes, ranging from mesh sizes 6-10 to 46-60, designated as
Fg to FFFFg, respectively.
 Smokeless Powder

The advent of smokeless powders marked the beginning of the modern high-velocity era in firearms. Smokeless
powders primarily consist of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose (gun cotton).

• Nitrocellulose can be used alone or combined with nitroglycerin to create propellants. When used alone, it
forms a single-base powder, while the combination of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose results in double-base powders.
• Common double-base powders include nitroglycerin.
• Examples of double-base powders include Cordite, modified Cordite, and Ballistite, which are composed as
follows:
• Cordite: 58% Nitroglycerin, 37% Nitrocellulose, 5% Mineral Jelly
• Modified Cordite: 30% Nitroglycerin, 65% Nitrocellulose, 5% Mineral Jelly
• Ballistite: Equal parts Nitroglycerin and Nitrocellulose, with no Mineral Jelly
• While smokeless powders degrade over time, advancements in technology and the addition of stabilizers have
significantly extended their lifespan.
• It’s important to note that smokeless powders do not explode within a cartridge; instead, they undergo
combustion. However, because this combustion occurs in a confined space, it can generate a force similar to an
explosion.
 Semi-Smokeless Powder

Semi-smokeless powder is a blend of black powder and nitrocellulose. The approximate

composition is as follows:

• Nitrated wood cellulose: 20%

• Potassium nitrate: 60%
• Carbon: 12%
• Sulfur: 8%

This powder generates less smoke than traditional gunpowder, but the mixing process is highly
dangerous, which has limited its widespread production and use.
 Triple Based Powder

The triple based powder contain the following ingredients

(a)Nitroglycerine
(b)Nitro cellulose
(c)Black powders

The percentages of the various constituents vary but do not offer any special
advantage, hence seldom used.
 RDX Based Propellant

A new propellant based on Cyclo-trimethylene-triamine (RDX) has been developed. This propellant is used in cartridge
manufacturing by effectively controlling both the shattering effect of the high explosive and its heat production. The
advantages are clear: it allows for an increased rate of fire without negatively impacting the weapon’s performance.
However, the specific composition and other details of this propellant are not currently available.

An ideal powder should possess the following characteristics:

(a) Stability during storage
(b) Non-corrosiveness
(c) Minimal smoke production
(d) Low heat generation for a given velocity
(e) Consistency, ensuring that the same amount of powder produces the same velocities

Research on propellants primarily focuses on enhancing these qualities. Additionally, reducing production costs and
increasing safety margins are also important considerations. As a result, new propellants are continually being introduced
to the market.
Primer

A priming compound is an extremely sensitive explosive material that detonates when

struck by the firing pin or hammer of a weapon. This explosion produces a flame, which
then ignites the propellant. The primer’s main purpose is to initiate the ignition of the
propellant. It consists of the following components:

• An initiator, which is a sensitive high explosive

• Fuel
• Oxidizer
• Stabilizer
Primer

In 1807, Scottish clergyman James Forsythe discovered a shock-sensitive explosive

known as mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)₂). This explosive is highly sensitive to impact or
shock, and can also generate a spark. By 1850, mercury fulminate was used in
cartridges, embedded in the rim of the cartridge cases.

The development of cap compositions represents both a fascinating and perilous

chapter in the history of firearms. This advancement marked a significant leap forward,
effectively rendering matchlocks, flintlocks, and wheel locks obsolete and introducing a
reliable all-weather cartridge.
Primer

The composition of mercury fulminate primer by weight is produced below:

• Mercury fulminate Hg(ONC)2 - 8 Parts
• Potassium Chlorate - 14 Parts
• Antimony Sulphide - 18 Parts
• Sulphur or Glass - 1 Part
• Gunpowder - 1 Part
Mercury fulminate primer suffers from a number of draw backs:-
(i) Mercury fulminate gives mercury on ignition. It makes the brass cases brittle and
consequently unfit for frequent use.
(ii) Barrels get deteriorated quickly because of the deposition of mercury on their surface
(iii) Potassium chlorate when ignited produces potassium chloride, which absorbs moisture
resulting on early rusting of barrels.
(iv) Powder glass particles, if used, will abrade the barrel resulting in the increase of bore
diameter.
In view of the above defects, the new primer compositions have come up by
replacing mercury fulminate. In our country, the new primer composition being
used is as follows
(a)Lead styphnate = 32 – 40%
(b)Antimony sulphide = 13 – 17%
(c)Barium nitrate = 27 – 37%
(d)PETN = 4 – 6%
(e)Tetracene = 3 – 5%
(f) Aluminum = 6 – 8%
 Table For Various Composition of Primer

Primer Primer Composition

US Krag cartridge (1898) ● Potassium chlorate
● Antimony sulfide
● Glass powder
German RWS ● Mercury fulminate
(1901) ● Barium nitrate
● Antimony sulfide
● Picric acid
US Frankford ● Potassium chlorate
Arsenal Primer ● Antimony sulfide
● Sulfur
(1910)
German ● Mercury fulminate
RWS ● Antimony sulfide
● Barium peroxide
(1910) ● TNT (trinitrotoluene)
Swiss military primer ● Mercury fulminate
(1911) ● Barium nitrate
● Antimony sulfide
● Barium carbonate
US Winchester ● Potassium chlorate
primer (1917) ● Antimony sulfide
● Lead thiocyanate
● TNT
US commercial primers (1927) ● Mercury fulminate
● Barium nitrate
● Lead thiocyanate
● Lead styphenate
● Barium nitrate
German RWS sinoxid Primer (1928) ● Antimony sulfide
● Calcium cilicide
● Tetrazine

Herz/ Rathburgnon mercuric ● Nitro-amino-guanyl-tetrazine

● Lead styphnate
primer (1930) ● Barium nitrate
● Antimony sulfide/calcium sulfide
American P-4 primer (1940) ● Red phosphorous
● Barium nitrate
● Aluminum hydroxide
● Mercury fulminate
● Sulfur
British 0.455 military Revolver (1943) ● Potassium chlorate
● Antimony sulfide
● Mealed black powder
● Lead nitroaminotetrazole
● Lead styphenate
Stabenate primer ● Barium nitrate
(1962) ● Antimony sulfide
● Aluminium dust
● Tetrazine

Geco sintox primer (1983) ● Zinc and titanium-based priming without lead
OTHER INITIATOR EXPLOSIVES INCLUDE:

Dinitrodihydroxydiazobenzene salt
(diazinate); Dinitrobenzofuroxan Salts;
Potassium Dinitrobenzofuroxan;
Various Diazo, Triazole, And Tetrazaole Compounds;
Perchlorate or nitrate salts of metal complexes of ammonium, amine or
hydrazine an example of which is 2 - (5 -
cyanotetrazolato)pentaaminecobalt III perchlorate ( CP ).
OXIDIZERS
INCLUDE:
Zinc Oxide;
Potassium
Nitrate;
Strontium
Nitrate; Zinc
Peroxide.
DR. NIHA ANSARI,
IFS , GFSU
FUEL
COMPONENTS
Amorphous Boron;
INC L UDE:
Metal Powders, Such As Aluminium, Zirconium, Titanium, Nickel
And Zinc;
Carbo
n;
Silicon;
Metal Sulfides Such As:
– Antimony Sulphide;
– Bismuth Sulphide;
– Zinc
– Iron Sulphide;
A TYPICAL NON - TOXIC, NON - LEAD
PRIMING COMPOSITION WOULD
BE:
DDNP
(Diazodinitrophenol);
Potassium Nitrate;
Nitrocellulose;
Boron Metal;
Nitro -
Glycerine;
Tetrazine;
Shape and size of the Propellants on the basis of their burning

❑Progressive Burning Powder

❑Degressive Burning Powder
❑Neutral / constant Burning Powder
Progressive Burning Powder
Definition: Progressive burning powder is designed to increase its burn rate as the pressure within the cartridge increases. This type of
powder burns more rapidly as the firearm’s barrel pressure rises, leading to a gradual increase in combustion speed.

Characteristics:

• Burn Rate: The burn rate accelerates as the pressure rises. This means that as the projectile travels down the barrel and the
pressure increases, the powder burns faster, providing a more controlled and sustained pressure build-up.
• Pressure Curve: Results in a smooth, progressive rise in pressure. This helps to avoid sharp pressure spikes that can occur
with other types of powders.
• Performance: Provides consistent velocities and pressure throughout the projectile’s travel, enhancing accuracy and reducing
recoil.
• Applications: Commonly used in modern rifle and pistol ammunition where controlled pressure and consistent performance
are crucial.

Example: Many modern smokeless powders are formulated to burn progressively. The extruded (stick) powders often have a
progressive burning characteristic.
Degressive Burning Powder
Definition: Degressive burning powder burns more rapidly at the beginning of the combustion process and its burn rate decreases
as the pressure inside the cartridge increases.

Characteristics:

• Burn Rate: The burn rate starts high but decreases as the pressure rises. This leads to a high initial rate of combustion,
followed by a gradual decrease in burn rate.
• Pressure Curve: Causes a peak in pressure early in the projectile’s travel, which then drops off. This can lead to a sharp
initial recoil followed by a more stable pressure.
• Performance: Can be less predictable due to the drop in pressure after the initial peak, which may affect accuracy and
consistency. It may be suitable for specific applications where a rapid initial pressure is desired.
• Applications: Often used in shotgun shells and some types of ammunition where a rapid ignition and high initial pressure
are beneficial.

Example: Certain older or specialized powders might exhibit degressive burning characteristics.
Neutral (Constant) Burning Powder
Definition: Neutral or constant burning powder maintains a relatively steady burn rate regardless of the pressure. This type of
powder provides consistent combustion throughout the entire firing process.

Characteristics:

• Burn Rate: Remains relatively constant, providing a steady rate of combustion. The burn rate does not significantly
change with varying pressures.
• Pressure Curve: Produces a relatively flat pressure curve, with a steady increase in pressure that does not exhibit
significant spikes or drops.
• Performance: Offers reliable and predictable performance, making it easier to achieve consistent velocities and accuracy.
Reduces the impact of pressure fluctuations on the firearm.
• Applications: Used in applications where a consistent burn rate is critical for accuracy and performance, including in
some precision rifle cartridges and handloads.

Example: Certain types of ball (spherical) powders are designed to burn consistently and are often used in ammunition requiring
stable performance.
Examination of
Bullets
 Bullet class characteristics:
● Caliber of Bullet
● Composition of bullet
● Number of lands and grooves (usually 4 to 6 but
range from 2 to 22).
● Diameter of lands and grooves.
● Width of lands and grooves.
● Depth of grooves.
● Degree of twist (twist is the number of
inches/cms of bore required for one complete
rifling spiral).
● Direction of rifling twist (commonly
right/clockwise, less commonly left/counter-
clockwise e.g. Colt).
Bullet individual
characteristics:

● Imperfections of grooves (most pronounced

in lead bullets).
● Imperfections of lands (most pronounced in
jacketed bullets).
● Striation Marks produced on the bullet
surface due to the imperfection of the
internal of the barrel
Bullet Comparisons
1. Each gun leaves distinct markings on a
bullet passing through it.
2. A gun barrel is made from a solid bar of
steel that has been drilled/hallowed out.
3. The drill leaves microscopic marks on the
barrel’s inner surface.
4. Gun manufacturers also add spiral grooves
to the barrel. This is known as rifling.
5. Lands: the space between the grooves.
6. As a spinning bullet passes through the
barrel, it is marked by these grooves.
Examination of
Cartridges
Class and individual characteristics on the
cartridge case

● Type of breech block marking

● Size, shape and location of extractor marks
● Size, shape and location of ejector marks
● Size, shape and location of firing pin marks
and firing pin drag marks
● Chamber marks
● Magazine marks
Cartridge Case
1. Usually brass
or nickel-clad Head Stamps
brass
2. Class evidence
– Manufacturer
– Shape
– Caliber
– Composition
Rimfire & Centerfire Cartridges
Cartridge Markings
1. All moving components contact the
cartridge rather than the bullet can leave
useful impressions on shell cartridges.
2. Cartridge Case Individual Characteristics:
● Breech face marks
● Firing pin impressions
● Chamber marks
● Extractor marks
● Ejector marks
Breech face Marks
Actual Breech Marks
Firing Pin Marks
1. In order to fire the
cartridge, the primer must
first be ignited. To
accomplish this a firing pin
strikes the center ring of
the cartridge.
2. This will in turn leave a
distinct impression that is
unique to the firing pin of
that particular gun.
Firing Pin Marks
Chamber Marks
THANK YOU