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Understanding Solutions—Definitions, Concentration Units, And Laboratory

The document discusses solutions, defining them as homogeneous mixtures of solute and solvent, and covers factors affecting solubility. It details laboratory techniques for determining solution concentration, including titration, spectroscopy, gravimetric analysis, and chromatography, as well as colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. Additionally, it explains energy changes in chemical reactions, the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the significance of enthalpy in reactions.

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Jec Ruz
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6 views

Understanding Solutions—Definitions, Concentration Units, And Laboratory

The document discusses solutions, defining them as homogeneous mixtures of solute and solvent, and covers factors affecting solubility. It details laboratory techniques for determining solution concentration, including titration, spectroscopy, gravimetric analysis, and chromatography, as well as colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression. Additionally, it explains energy changes in chemical reactions, the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the significance of enthalpy in reactions.

Uploaded by

Jec Ruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understandin

g Solutions
Solution
•a homogeneous mixture in
which one or more substances
are uniformly dispersed in
another substance. The resulting
mixture appears uniform at the
molecular level.
Components:
Solute Solvent
•The substance •The medium
that is that dissolves
dissolved the solute
Solubility and Factors
Affecting It
Solubility
•is the maximum amount of
solute that can dissolve in a
solvent at a specified
temperature and pressure.
•Nature of •Temperature
the Solute •Pressure
and Solvent: •Gaseous
•Polarity Solutes
•Intermolecul •Liquids and
ar Forces Solids
Laboratory Techniques
in Determining Solution
Concentration
Titration
• Titration involves adding a
reagent (titrant) of known
concentration to a
solution of unknown
concentration until the
reaction reaches its
endpoint.
• Types:
• Acid-Base Titration
• Redox Titration
Spectroscopy
• UV-Vis Spectroscopy:
• The absorbance of
light at specific
wavelengths is
proportional to the
concentration of
the absorbing
species
Gravimetric
Analysis
• This method
involves
converting the
analyte into an
insoluble
compound,
filtering, drying,
and weighing it.
Chromatographic
Techniques
• High-Performance
Liquid
Chromatography
(HPLC) and Gas
Chromatography (GC):
• These methods separate
components of a mixture,
allowing for the
quantification of
individual compounds.
Colligative Properties
of Solutions
Colligative properties
•are unique characteristics of
solutions that depend on the
number of solute particles
present in the solvent rather
than the type or identity of those
particles.
Boiling Point Elevation
•Boiling point elevation is the
increase in the boiling point
of a solvent when a solute is
dissolved in it.
Determine the boiling point
elevation of a solution
containing 1 mol/kg of NaCl in
water.
ΔT b​= i K b​m
ΔT b​ = boiling point elevation (°C)
𝑖 = van 't Hoff factor (number of particles the solute dissociates
into)
𝐾𝑏​ = boiling point elevation constant of water (0.512 °C·kg/mol)
𝑚 = molality of the solution (mol of solute per kg of solvent)
A 2.5 mol/kg solution of glucose
(C₆H₁₂O₆) is prepared in benzene
(C₆H₆). The boiling point elevation
constant for benzene is
2.53°C·kg/mol. Determine the
new boiling point of the solution.
(The normal boiling point of
benzene is 80.1°C.)
A 1.2 mol/kg solution of calcium
chloride (CaCl₂) is prepared in
water. The boiling point elevation
constant (𝐾𝑏) for water is
0.512°C·kg/mol. Determine the
boiling point of the solution. (The
normal boiling point of water is
100°C.)
Freezing Point Depression
•refers to the lowering of a
solvent’s freezing point when
a solute is added.
Δ T f ​= i K f ​ m
Determine the freezing point
depression of a solution containing
1 mol/kg of NaCl in water.
ΔT f​=i K f​m
ΔT f​ = freezing point depression (°C)
𝑖 = van 't Hoff factor (number of particles the solute
dissociates into)
𝐾𝑓​ = freezing point depression constant
𝑚 = molality of the solution (mol of solute per kg of
solvent)
determine the
freezing point
depression of a
solution containing 5
mol/kg of AlCl₃ in
water
Energy Changes in
Chemical Reactions
•First Law of
Thermodynamics
•states that energy
cannot be created or
destroyed, only
transferred or
transformed.
ΔU= q + w
•ΔU: Change in internal energy of
the system
•𝑞: Heat energy absorbed or
released
•𝑤: Work done on or by the
system
•A gas inside a cylinder absorbs
200 J of heat energy from its
surroundings. At the same time,
it does 50 J of work by
expanding against a piston.

internal energy (Δ𝑈) of the gas


Calculate the change in the

using the First Law of


Thermodynamics.
•A system releases 500 J
of heat to the
surroundings and has
150 J of work done on it.

internal energy (Δ𝑈)?


What is the change in
•A gas absorbs 400 J of
heat and expands, doing
250 J of work on the
surroundings. Determine
the change in internal
energy.
Enthalpy of Reactions
Enthalpy (H) is the total heat
content of a system. The
change in enthalpy (ΔH)
during a reaction indicates
whether the process is
exothermic or endothermic.
•Types of Enthalpy
Changes:

•Exothermic reactions : Heat


is released
•Endothermic reactions :
Heat is absorbed
Significance of Enthalpy in
Reactions:
•Determines energy efficiency in
industrial processes.
•Helps predict spontaneity and
feasibility of reactions.
•Essential in designing energy-
efficient chemical processes.
ΔHrxn​=∑ΔHproducts​
−∑ΔHreactants

•​where:
•∑ΔHproducts is the sum of the
enthalpies of the products.
Determine the ΔHrxn
CH4 (g) + O2 (g) – CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) – CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)


CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) – CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
CH4 (g) -74.8

O2 (g) 0

CO2 (g) -393.5

H2O (l) -285.8


Determine the ΔHrxn
CaCO3 (s) – CaO2 (s) + CO2 (g)
Determine the ΔHrxn
C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) – CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
Determine the ΔHrxn
C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) – CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
Hess's Law
states that the total enthalpy
change of a reaction is the
same, no matter what
pathway the reaction takes,
as long as the initial and
final conditions are the

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