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week 2

The document provides an overview of mixtures, classifying them as homogeneous or heterogeneous, with examples for each category. It also explains solutions, their components (solute and solvent), and various concentration measures such as percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, and parts per million (PPM), along with sample problems for calculation. Additionally, it discusses the heat of solution and factors influencing dissolution processes.

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Jec Ruz
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1 views

week 2

The document provides an overview of mixtures, classifying them as homogeneous or heterogeneous, with examples for each category. It also explains solutions, their components (solute and solvent), and various concentration measures such as percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, and parts per million (PPM), along with sample problems for calculation. Additionally, it discusses the heat of solution and factors influencing dissolution processes.

Uploaded by

Jec Ruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions

Activity: (10-15 minutes)


Classify each mixture as
HETEROGENEOUS or
HOMOGENEOUS and write
a brief explanation of why
they made their choice for
each.
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE MIXTURE
Answer key
•Saltwater - Homogeneous •Granite - Heterogeneous
•Salad - Heterogeneous •Tea - Homogeneous
•Air - Homogeneous •Chocolate chip cookie
•Concrete - Heterogeneous dough - Heterogeneous
•Oil and vinegar dressing - •Wood - Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous •Soft drink - Homogeneous
•Blood - Heterogeneous •Air freshener spray -
•Milk - Homogeneous Homogeneous
•Sand and water - •Pizza - Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
• made up of two
or more
components.
• can either be
homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE MIXTURE
• only one phase is visible • having components with
different sizes and shapes
and contains two or more
visible phases
Solutions
• are homogeneous mixtures, which are
composed of a solute and a solvent.
• Solute- the substance that is present in
small amounts.
• Solvent- the bulk or the medium in
which the solute is dissolved or mixed, or
dispersed.
•Solutions that use water as solvent
are considered aqueous
solutions. Aqueous solutions can
be classified as electrolytes or
nonelectrolytes, depending on
the presence of ions in the solution.
Those that can conduct
electricity re considered
electrolytes.
•Nonelectrolytes, on the
other hand, are solutions
that do not conduct
electricity. Examples
include aqueous solution of
glucose or isopropyl alcohol.
Heat of Solution (Hsoln)
•accounts for the overall change in
the energy associated the formation of
solution. This is taken as the sum of
the energy change derived from
each stage. May either be a positive
sign or a negative sign
Generally, a more negative value of
(Hsoln) or a favorable dissolution
process, is influenced by the
following:
•Strong solvent-solute
attractions
•Weak solute-solute interaction
•Weak solvent-solvent
interactions
Concentration of
Solution
Concentration of Solution
•the amount of solute
dissolved in a given
quantity of solvent or
solution.
Percent by Mass (% by Mass)
•The mass of the solute divided
by the total mass of the
solution, multiplied by 100.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains 5 g
of salt dissolved in 95 g
of water. Calculate the
percent by mass.
Sample Problem:
•If 20 g of sugar is
dissolved in 180 g of
water, what is the
percent by mass of
sugar?
Mole Fraction (X)
•The ratio of the number of
moles of one component to the
total number of moles of all
components in the solution.
Sample Problem:
•Calculate the mole
fraction of NaCl in a
solution with 2 moles of
NaCl and 8 moles of
water.
Sample Problem:
•Determine the mole fraction
of ethanol (C2H5OH) in a
solution containing 3 moles
of ethanol and 7 moles of
water.
Sample Problem:
•a solution is made by
dissolving 1.25 g Na2SO4
in 65 g water. calculate
the mole fraction of the
solute and the solvent
Molarity (M)
•The number of moles of
solute per liter of solution.
Sample Problem:
•Find the molarity of a
solution with 2 moles
of solute in 4 liters of
solution.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains
0.5 moles of solute in
250 mL of solution.
Calculate the molarity.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains 78.2 g
NaCl dissolved in sufficient
water to give a total
volume of 0.525 L. what is
the molarity of the
solution?
Molality (m)
•The number of moles
of solute per
kilogram of solvent.
Sample Problem:
•Calculate the molality
of a solution with 3
moles of solute
dissolved in 2 kg of
solvent.
Sample Problem:
•If 0.1 moles of solute
are dissolved in 500
g of solvent, find the
molality.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains 22.5 g of
methanol (CH3OH)
dissolved in sufficient water
to give a total mass of 105.3
g. what is the molality of the
aqueous methanol solution?
Percent by Volume (% by
Volume)
•The volume of the solute
divided by the total volume
of the solution, multiplied by
100.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains 30
mL of ethanol in 120
mL of solution.
Calculate the percent
by volume.
Sample Problem:
•If 50 mL of
isopropanol is mixed
with 200 mL of
solution, what is the
percent by volume?
Parts Per Million (PPM)
•The number of parts of
solute per million parts of
the solution.
Sample Problem:
•A solution contains
0.002 g of solute in 1
kg of solution.
Calculate the PPM.
Sample Problem:
•If 5 mg of solute is
dissolved in 2 liters
of water (density = 1
g/mL), find the PPM.
Sample Problem:
•A water sample contains
0.008 g of lead (Pb) in 4.0
liters of water. Calculate
the concentration of lead
in PPM.
ACTIVITY

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