UNIT.

1
1. Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)
2. Architecture of IoT
3. Characteristics of the IoT
4. Technology roadmap of IoT
5. Benefits of IoT
6. Application of IoT
7. Challenges with IoT
8. Physical & Logical Design of IoT
 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants,
biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA
analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters
in search and rescue operations.

These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices.

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Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)
Sensing Layer – Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or Actuators accepts
data(physical/environmental parameters), processes data and emits data over network.

Network Layer –Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer. DAS performs
data aggregation and conversion function (Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of
sensors to digital data etc).

Advanced gateways which mainly opens up connection between Sensor networks and Internet also performs many
basic gateway functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also some times decision making based on
inputted data and data management services, etc.

Data processing Layer – This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-processed before
sending it to data center

Application Layer – This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or cloud is management stage of
data where data is managed and is used by end-user applications like agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming,
defense, etc.
Characteristics of the Internet of Things
1. Connectivity – Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be
connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connectivity should be guaranteed at all
times Without connection, nothing makes sense.
2. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and
networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks.
3. Dynamic and self-adapting: The IoT devices can dynamically adapt with sensed environment, their operating
conditions, and user’s context and take actions accordingly.
Ex: Surveillance System. (Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in
different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).
The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well
as the context of devices including location and speed.
4. Self-configuring:
I. IoT devices can be able to upgrade the software with minimal intervention of user, whenever they are
connected to the internet.
II. They can also setup the network i.e a new device can be easily added to the existing network. For ex:
Whenever there will be free wifi access one device can be connected easily.
4. Unique identities:

Each IoT device has a unique identity(ex:Dish TV adapter). This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at
times for querying its status.

 The devices which are connected to the internet have unique identities i.e IP address through which they can be
identified throughout the network.
 The IoT devices have intelligent interfaces which allow communicating with users. It adapts to the
environmental contexts.
 It also allows the user to query the devices, monitor their status, and control them remotely, in association with the
control, configuration and management infrastructure.

5. Interoperable Communication:

IoT allows different devices (different in architecture) to communicate with each other as well as with different network.
For ex: MI Phone is able to control the smart AC and smart TV of different manufacturer.
6. Integrated into information network:

 The IoT devices are connected to the network to share some information with other connected devices. The devices
can be discovered dynamically in the network by other devices.
Ex. If a device has wifi connectivity then that will be shown to other nearby devices having wifi connectivity.

 The IoT devices become smarter due to the collective intelligence of the individual devices in collaboration with the
information network.
Ex: weather monitoring system. Here the information collected from different monitoring nodes (sensors,
arduino devices) can be aggregated and analyzed to predict the weather.

7. Scalability :
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of
handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled appropriately
Benefits of IoT
IoT offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:
1. Monitor their overall business processes;
2. Improve the customer experience;
3. Save time and money;
4. Enhance employee productivity;
5. Integrate and adapt business models;
6. Make better business decisions; and
7. Generate more revenue.

IoT things presentation - Davis M Onsakia 13

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The smart world of the future – using Iot

Source:
https://www.forb
es.com/sites/jaco
bmorgan/2014/0
5/13/simple-expl
anation-internet-t
hings-that-anyon
e-can-understand
/#ef2433f1d091

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Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

Source:
https://internetof
thingsagenda.tec
htarget.com/defin
ition/Internet-of-T
hings-IoT

IoT things presentation - Davis M Onsakia 17

Sample: consumer iot products &
Services
1. Helmet Concussion Sensor
2. Medical Alert Watch
3. Smart Fitness Clothing and Smart Running Shoes
4. One-Button Product Purchases: “Order at the click of a button!” Amazon
has taken that phrase literally and produced physical branded buttons
called Amazon Dash that link to products in your home. Say you run out
of laundry powder. You can press your Dash button for Tide and Amazon
will reorder your Tide Powder product for you. No need to sign onto the
Web, fumble with payment methods, or retype credit card numbers.
5. Garden Sensors
6. Smart Televisions
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Helmet sensor

https://www.amazon.com/
Shockbox-LM2004-EXT-Mult
iSport-Helmet-Sensor/dp/B
00DVHA1LM?imprToken=N
XcTrCppNfgrAo2MA1K7ig&
slotNum=2&SubscriptionId
=AKIAIO22DD3AFUSKXUKQ
&tag=makeusw-20&linkCod
e=xm2&camp=2025&creati
ve=165953&creativeASIN=B
00DVHA1LM

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Amazon DASH
https://www.
amazon.com/
b?ie=UTF8&n
ode=177295
34011

20
Kinsa thermometer

Monitoring
your
temperature
and can call
your doctor as
necessary

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Connected car story
The connected car is equipped with
internet connections and software that
allow people to stream music, look up
movie times, be alerted of traffic and
weather conditions, and even power
driving-assistance services such as self-
parking.

Source:
https://www.businessinsider.com/connect
ed-car-statistics-manufacturers-2015-2?IR=
T

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Smart farming: Use of iot to
improve agriculture
• In IoT-based smart farming, a system is built for monitoring the crop
field with the help of sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil
moisture, etc.) and automating the irrigation system. The farmers can
monitor the field conditions from anywhere. This is highly efficient
compared to the traditional/conventional approach.
• Some of the IoT applications in this area are:
i. Precision farming
ii. Agricultural drones
iii. Livestock monitoring
iv. Smart greenhouses

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Industrial Iot (iiot)
• IIoT brings in the concept of ‘a connected factory leads to a smart
factory’.

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Iiot in manufacturing
1. Digital/connected factory: IoT enabled machinery can transmit
operational information to the partners like original equipment
manufacturers and to field engineers.
2. Facility management: The use of IoT sensors in manufacturing
equipment enables condition-based maintenance alerts.
3. Production flow monitoring: IoT in manufacturing can enable the
monitoring of production lines starting from the refining process
down to the packaging of final products.
4. Inventory management: IoT applications permit the monitoring of
events across a supply chain.
IoT things presentation - Davis M Onsakia 25
5. Plant Safety and Security: IoT combined big data analysis can improve
the overall workers’ safety and security in the plant. .
6. Quality control: IoT sensors collect aggregate product data and other
third-party syndicated data from various stages of a product cycle.
7. Packaging Optimization: By using IoT sensors in products and/or
packaging, manufacturers can gain insights into the usage patterns
and handling of product from multiple customers.
8. Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization: The Industrial IoT (IIoT) can
provide access to real-time supply chain information by tracking
materials, equipment, and products as they move through the supply
chain.

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IOT CHALLENGES: Security, privacy and data sharing issues

Challenges with IIoT:

i. Security of data – same as above
ii. Reliability and stability – of IIoT sensors
iii. Connectivity of all the systems in IIoT setup – no maintenance envisioned?
iv. Blending legacy systems – IIoT is new in the market.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one
vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. And manufacturers
that don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to
cybercriminals.

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Physical Design of Internet of Things (IOT)

 The physical design of an IoT system is referred to the IoT Things/Devices & IoTprotocols that used to
build an IoT system.

 All these things/Devices are called Node Devices and every device has a unique identity that performs
remote sensing, actuating, and monitoring work.

 The protocols that used to established communication between the Node devices and server over the
internet
 Things/Devices

 Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data, provide interfaces, storage,
and graphics interfaces in an IoT system.

 All these generate data in a form that can be analyzed by an analytical system and program
to perform operations and used to improve the system

 For example temperature sensor that is used to analyze the temperature generates the
data from a location and then determined by algorithms

Block diagram of an IoT Device

 CONNECTIVITY

USB host is the USB on the PC side in most cases and USB Device is the USB in your mouse ,keyboard, flash
memory and so on. All USB transactions are managed by the Host. and the Device only responses to the Host
transactions.

Ethernet is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN),
metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). ... Systems communicating over Ethernet divide
a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames.

Audio/video_Interface

HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface and is the most frequently used HD signal for transferring
both high definition audio and video over a single cable.

3.5 mm interface
A small round connector for accepting the pin-shaped plug from a standard pair of music headphones.
Either size can support stereo sound and/or a microphone, depending on the number of separate
connector rings on the plug or jack. ... 3.5mm refers to the approximate diameter of the connector
UART:

A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a
computer or peripheral device serial port.

The universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) takes bytes of data and transmits the individual
bits in a sequential fashion.

At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes.

Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is less costly than
parallel transmission through multiple wires.

Serial Peripheral Interface,

SPI, is a very common communication protocol used for two-way communication between
two devices.

A standard SPI bus consists of 4 signals, Master Out Slave In (MOSI), Master In Slave Out (MISO),
the clock (SCK), and Slave Select (SS)
I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit.

It is a bus interface connection protocol incorporated into devices for serial

communication.

Working of I2C Communication Protocol :

It uses only 2 bi-directional open-drain lines for data communication called SDA and SCL.
Both these lines are pulled high.
Serial Data (SDA) – Transfer of data takes place through this pin.
Serial Clock (SCL) – It carries the clock signal.
The I2C bus protocol is most commonly used in master and slave communication wherein the
master is called “microcontroller”, and the slave is called other devices such as ADC, EEPROM,
DAC and similar devices in the embedded system

I2C SPI
I2C can be multi-master and multi-slave, which SPI can be multi-save but does not a multi-master
means there can be more than one master and serial protocol, which means there can be only
slave attached to the I2C bus. one master attached to the SPI bus.

I2C is a half-duplex communication protocol. SPI is a full-duplex commination protocol.

A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and
devices to communicate with each other's applications without a host computer.

‘memory’ refers to the component within your computer that allows for short-term data access. You may
recognize this component as DRAM, or dynamic random-access memory.

storage is the component within your computer that allows you to store and access data on a long-term
basis. Usually, storage comes in the form of a solid-state drive or a hard drive. Storage houses your
applications, operating system and files for an indefinite period.
PROCESSO
R
IoT Protocols: These protocols are used to establish communication between a node device and server over the internet.
 It helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from an IoT device over the internet.
 we use different types of protocols that present on both the server and client-side and these protocols are
managed by network layers like application, transport, network, and link layer.
Ethernet
It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it defines the physical layer and the medium
access control for wired ethernet networks(LAN).

WiFi
It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control and physical layer protocols for implementing
wireless local area networks.

WiMAX is : Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

Based on Wireless MAN technology.
A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area.
WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi, but at higher speeds over greater distances and for a greater number of users.
Application Layer protocol
In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer protocols using the
application interface. these protocols including HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP, MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols.

HTTP
Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for transmitting media documents. it is
used to communicate between web browsers and servers. it makes a request to a server and then waits till it receives a
response and in between the request server does not keep any data between two requests.

WebSocket
This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that can be run on an untrusted code in a
controlled environment. this protocol is commonly used by web browsers.

MQTT
It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a publish/subscribe messaging transport. and it
is used for remote locations where a small code footprint is required.
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

It is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained (e.g., low-
power, lossy) networks.

The protocol is targeted for nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small amounts of ROM
and RAM, typical throughput of 10s of kbit/s.

The protocol is designed for machine- to-machine (M2M) applications such as smart energy and
building automation.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

It is an open standard for passing business messages between applications or organizations.

It connects systems, feeds business processes with the information they need and reliably transmits
onward the instructions that achieve their goals.
The logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifies of implementation.

Logical design includes Functional Blocks, Communication Models, and Communication APIs to implement a
system.
IoT Functional blocks

An IoT system consist number of functional blocks like Devices, services, communication, security, and application
that provides the capability for sensing, actuation, identification, communication, and management
Device: These devices are used to provide sensing and monitoring control functions that collect the data from the
outer environment.

Security: This block is used to secure an IoT system using some functions like authorization, data security,
authentication, 2 step verification, etc.

Management: This functional block provides various functions that are used to manage an IoT system.

Services: This functional block provides some services like monitoring and controlling a device and publishing and
deleting the data and restore the system.

Communication: This block handles the communication between the client and cloud-based server and
sends/receives the data using protocols.

Application: It is an interface that provides a control system that use by users to view the status and analyze of system.
IoT Communication Models:

There are several different types of models available in an IoT system that used to communicate between the
system and server like the

1. Request-response model,

2. Publish-subscribe model,

3. Push-pull model, and

4. Exclusive pair model, etc.

Request-response model,
This model is a communication model in which a client sends the request for data to the server and the
server responds according to the request. when a server receives a request it fetches the data,
retrieves the resources and prepares the response, and then sends the data back to the client.

Example
When we search a query on a browser then the browser submits an HTTP
request to the server and then the server returns a response to the
browser(client).
Publish-subscribe model,: (YouTube subscription)
In this communication model, we have a broker between publisher and consumer. here publishers are
the source of data but they are not aware of consumers. they send the data managed by the brokers
and when a consumer subscribes to a topic that managed by the broker and when the broker receives
data from the publisher it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Example
On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters using our email address. these email
addresses managed by some third-party services and when a new article published on the website it
directly sends to the broker and then the broker send these new data or post to all the subscribers.
Push-pull model,

Push- storing information in queue

Pull- Retiring information from queue
Exclusive Pair Communication Model
 It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent connection
between the client and server.
 Here first set up a connection between the client and the server and remains open until the
client sends a close connection request to the server.
IoT Communication APIs: APIs like REST and WebSocket are used to communicate between the server and system in IoT.

REST API
WebSocket-based Communication APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bi- directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model