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Types of Signals

Signals are variables that convey information, processed by systems to produce outputs. They can be classified into continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) signals, as well as power and energy signals, among other categories. The document also discusses the characteristics of deterministic and random signals, along with operations such as shifting, folding, and scaling.

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3 views

Types of Signals

Signals are variables that convey information, processed by systems to produce outputs. They can be classified into continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT) signals, as well as power and energy signals, among other categories. The document also discusses the characteristics of deterministic and random signals, along with operations such as shifting, folding, and scaling.

Uploaded by

rakeshsivan08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction on

Signals

Dr.R.Helen
PROF/BME SEC
Definition
 Signals are variables that carry information.
 Systems process input signals to produce output
signals.

Examples on Signals:
 Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a
circuit
 Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals (analog
or
 digital)
 Video signals --- intensity variations in an image
(e.g. a
 CAT scan)
 Biological signals
Classification of
signals
• CT and DT signals
• Power and Energy
• Periodic and Aperiodic
signals
• Even and Odd Signals
• Deterministic and Random
Signals
Continuous-time (CT) Signals

• Most of the signals in the physical world


are CT signals, since the time scale is
infinitesimally fine, so are the spatial
scales. E.g. voltage & current, pressure,
temperature, velocity, etc.
Discrete-time (DT) Signals
x[n], n — integer, time varies discretely

discrete-time signal x[n] is defined only for


integer values of the independent variable.
Signal Energy and
Power
• the signals are directly related to
physical quantities capturing power
and energy in a physical system.
• the total energy over the time
interval t1 < t < t2 in a continuous-
time signal x(t) is
Energy in signals over an infinite
time interval, the total energy is
defined by
Power Signal
The time-averaged power over an
infinite
interval as
Condition
Periodic & Non-periodic
Signals
 Periodic s ignals have the property that
x ( t+T)=x( t ) for all t .
 The smallest value of T that satisfies
t h e definition is called the period.
Even and Odd Signals
Deterministic &
Random Signals
Deterministic signals :

 Behavior of these signals is predictable w.r.t time


 There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any
time.
 These signals can be expressed mathematically.
 For example x(t) = sin(3t) is deterministic signal.
Random Signals
 Behavior of these signals is random i.e. not
predictable
w.r.t time.
 There is an uncertainty with respect to its value at
any time.
 These signals can’t be expressed mathematically.
 For example:Thermal Noise generated is non deterministic
signal.
Test Signals
Unit step function
Unit Impulse function
Ramp function
Problems
-T0/2
Find power and energy
of unit step x[n]=u[n]
U[n]=1
n>=0
E= infinite

N(1+1/N)/N(2+1/N)=(1+1/N)/2+1/N=(1+0)/
(2+0)=1/2
Check whether given signal
is power or energy x(t)=tu(t)
Check the given signal is energy or
power, x(t)=Acos(ω0t +θ)
Operation on signals
 Shifting
 Folding
 scaling
Left Shifting
Right Shift
Folding
Scaling

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