3 Credits

Department of Earth Resources Engineering University of Moratuwa

Level 4 Semester 1

End-of-Semester Examination -

70%

Continuous Assessments
Group Assignments Mid semester exam

- 15% - 15%

30%

Upon successfully completion of this module, student will be able to

 Petroleum

geology Properties of reservoir rock Properties of reservoir fluid Petroleum reservoir engineering Petroleum drilling Well controlling

Petroleum engineering is the science of planning the development and the production of oil and gas field in such a way that an optimal recovery of oil and gas is achieved with optimal economic results.

Intended Learning Outcome

To understand and evaluate the performance of a given reservoir it is essential to know about
The physical properties of the rock
Existing interaction between the hydrocarbon system and the formation

To determine the rock properties laboratory analyses are performed on cores from the reservoir to be evaluated. Some properties of the rock may change when they are removed. The effect of these changes should be evaluated in the testing program depending on characteristics of the formation and property of interest
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Porosity Routine tests Saturation Core Analysis Tests Special Tests Overburden Pressure Capillary pressure Relative Permeability Wettability Surface and interfacial tension
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Permeability

Vp

Vr

Absolute
Porosity

Effective
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 Effective

Porosity

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 Original

developed in the deposition of the material

developed by some geologic process subsequent to deposition of the rock

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Show large variations vertically Do not show very great variations parallel to the bedding planes To minimize the effect of this variation averaging techniques are used

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Arithmetic average

= i/n = ihi/hi

Thickness-weighted average
Areal-weighted average

= iAi/Ai
= iAihi/Aihi
n = total number of core samples hi = thickness of core sample i or reservoir area i i = porosity of core sample i or reservoir area i Ai = reservoir area i
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Volumetric-weighted average
Where

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Fraction or percent, of the pore volume occupied by a particular fluid Fluid saturation =

Total volume of the fluid pore volume

Gas Saturation(Sg) Oil Saturation(So) Water Saturation(Sw)

Connate (interstitial) water saturation Swc Reduces the amount of space available between oil and gas. not uniformly distributed throughout the reservoir

Critical oil saturation, Soc

The saturation of the oil must exceed a certain value to flow At this particular saturation, the oil remains in the pores and will not flow
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Residual oil saturation (Sor)

During the displacing process of the crude oil system from the porous media by water or gas injection, there will be some remaining oil left larger than the critical oil saturation. the fraction of pore volume occupied by movable oil Som = 1 Swc Soc where Swc = connate water saturation Soc = critical oil saturation
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Movable oil saturation, Som

Property of the porous medium that measures the capacity and ability of the formation to transmit fluids. Function of open space and its interconnection. This was first defined mathematically by Henry Darcy, 1856

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The effect of fluid density & viscosity on the flow were not investigated
h vk L

(h1 h 2 ) vk L

Where; V = flow velocity, cm/sec h = differences in monomeric levels, cm L = total length of the sand pack, cm k = constant
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h q kA L
Where A = cross sectional area of the sand pack q = total measured flow rate, Cc/sec

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Let pressure at the any point of the flow path is p.

p = g(h1-z) with respect to the prevailing atmospheric pressure h1 Liquid elevation of the upper manometer
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The pressure at any point relative to datum point

hg = + gz

v=(k/g)d(p/ + zg)/dl

k d v (hg) g dl

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The term the same unit as (hg) which are; distance x force per unit mass.

dp gz has

Potential energy per unit mass

dp

gz

Defined as the work required by a frictionless process, to transport a unit mass of fluid from a state of atmospheric pressure and zero elevation p to the point in question. dp gz 1 atm
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Respect to arbitrary base pressure ( pb, Zb)

dp

g(z zb)

A B

pA

dp

pb

g ( z A zb )

pB

dp

pb

g ( zB zb )

pA

dp

pB

g ( zA zB )
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k d v ( ) g dl

The constant k/g is only applicable for the flow of water. Law can be generalized as;
k d v dl

Where is the viscosity of the fluid

If a liquid having a viscosity of 1 cp () flows through a porous rock of 1 cm length (L) & 1cm2 cross-section (A) at a rate of 1 cm3/sec (q) when the pressure differential between inlet & outlet is 1 atm (p), then according to the definition, the rock permeability (k) is 1 Darcy. 1 Darcy = 10-8 cm2

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 Darcys

empirical law described without considering the sign. being assumed that all terms in equation were positive.

It

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 If

distance is measured positive in the direction of flow, the potential gradient d/dl is negative(-ve) in the same direction.

Therefore

Darcys law is

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If production from reservoir into the well is taken as positive, the radius is measured as being positive in the direction opposite to the flow, d/dr is positive and Darcys law may be stated as

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Find the dimensions of k

What is the conversion factor between k expressed in Darcys and in cm2 ?

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Tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids

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Can be determined by measuring the angle of contact at the liquid-solid surface. (measured through the liquid to the solid)

Contact angle

Wetting characteristics of the liquid

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 Affects relative permeability, electrical properties and saturation profiles in the reservoir.

The wetting state impacts waterflooding and aquifer encroachment into a reservoir.

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 By measuring the contact angle of crude oil and formation water on silica or calcite crystals By measuring the characteristics of core plugs in either an Amott imbibition test or a USBM test.

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Effect of the forces at the interface when two immiscible fluids are in contact When a liquid and a gas are in contact, use the term surface tension to describe the forces acting on the interface. When the interface is between two liquids the acting forces are called interfacial tension

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Unit Force per unit length E.g., dynes/cm, Symbol

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Fup = (2r) (gw) (cos )

Fdown = r 2h w g

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When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure exists between the two fluids
h
pa2 pw
2

pa1 pw1

Ai r

Pa2 pa1 pw1

= pw2 = p2 = p2 - ra g h = p2 - rw g h

Water

Pc

= pa1 - pw1
= rw g h - ra g h =rgh
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 Capillary

force in a petroleum reservoir is a combined effect of surface and interfacial tensions of the rock and fluids the pore size and geometry wetting characteristics of the system

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This pressure difference depends upon the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. This pressure difference is called as capillary pressure.

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