Heat Pumps

Made by M YAHYA KOUKEH

Basic Principles of Heat
Pump Operations
What is a heat pump?

• A large scale refrigerator that “pumps” heat from

either:
• The ground
• A water source
• The air
• Two Basic Modes
• Heating Mode
• Cooling Mode
What is a heat pump?

Summer: Pumps heat from Same technology as:

the inside to the outside

Air-conditioner

Winter: Pumps heat from

the outside to the inside
Refrigerator
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Heat Pumps Do Not Generate
Heat, They Move It

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Where does the heat come from?
Heating mode: From the outside air, heated by the sun. Even when it is cold
outside, heat energy can be extracted from the air and pumped inside.
Cooling mode: From the inside air. It is not bringing in cold, it is pumping
heat out of the building.

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How do heat pumps work?

Vapor Compression Cycle

• Pumped refrigerant
• Pressurized (liquid) delivers heat
• Depressurized (gas) collects heat

Indoors Outdoors

Cooling Mode
Heating Mode

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Heat Pump Efficiency Ratings
Defined
Acronym Name Description Range
HSPF Heating Seasonal Overall heating efficiency; 7 – 18+
Performance Factor Heating output (Btu) during
a typical heating season
divided by total electric
energy (watt-hours) used
during the same period
SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Overall cooling efficiency; 14 – 25
Ratio Cooling output (Btu) during
a typical cooling-season
divided by the total electric
energy (Watt-hours) used
during the same period
COP Coefficient of Performance Instantaneous efficiency 2–5
(heating or cooling); Units of
energy IN divided by energy
OUT
Customer Benefits from
Heat Pumps
• Cost savings or fuel cost stabilization
• Adding cooling to spaces with heating only
• Provide increased capacity or control with
supplemental equipment
• Avoiding risks from combustion heating
• Interest in slowing climate change through
electrification and efficiency improvements
Heat Pump Market Trends
• National trend toward electrification
• The electric grid is getting cleaner.
• Switching from fossil fuels to electricity allows homes to
lower climate and pollution impacts.
• Efficiency
• Heat pumps are significantly more efficient than fossil
fuel systems.
• Addition of air conditioning in cooler climates
• Availability of cold climate heat pumps
Adding Heat Pumps to an
HVAC Business Offering
• Increased sales and maintenance opportunities for
customers with heat pumps
• Some customers will use dual systems or replace
early, meaning more systems to install/maintain
• Cold climate heat pumps make heat pump
installation more feasible in the northern U.S.
Job Opportunities
• Increased demand for heat pumps results in more
HVAC jobs:
• Sales
• Design
• Installation
• Maintenance
• Manufacturing
 Heat Pump Components
1 Compresso
2
r

Fan

Indoor Outdoor
Useful Heat Unit: unit: Heat Source
Indoors Condenser Evaporator Outdoors

3
Electronic
Heating Mode Expansion Valve
(EXV) 13
VCHP Component Differences

Compressor motor is inverter driven

for multi-stage variance

Compressor

Fan is controlled by an electronically

commutated motor for variable speeds

Fan

EXV controlled by an electromagnetic

piston to vary the firing rate

Expansion Valve 14
Types of Heat Pumps

• Air Source Heat Pump

• Ground Source Heat Pump
• Open Loop
• Closed Loop
Air Source Heat Pumps

• Heating Mode
• Moves heat from outside to inside of home
• Requires a back up heat source
• Effective at fall/early winter temperatures
• Cooling Mode
• Moves heat from inside to outside of home
• Same function as a refrigerator
Ground Source Heat Pump

• Refrigerant is run through pipes buried in ground

• Uses the warmer/colder ground to heat/cool home
• Horizontal
• Pipes buried 2 m deep
• Spread over large area of ground
• Vertical
• Pipes buried vertically about 50 m deep
• Works same way as vertical system
• Good for applications where space is an issue
Ground Source Heat Pump
Water Source Heat Pump

• Open Loop
• Pipes submerged in well, lake, or river
• Water from source is drawn through refrigerant system
and then emitted in another well or back into lake/river
• Uses the same principles as other systems
• Closed Loop
• Refrigerant solution is run through loops of pipe
submerged in water
Water Source Heat Pumps
Advantages of Heat Pumps

• Very efficient
• Cut heating bills by 60%(ground/water source) 30%
(air source)
• Cut water heating bills by 50%
• Payback time of 2-6 years
Disadvantages

• Expensive
• Takes up large amount of space
• Not practical in some situations
Criteria for evaluation
on Performance of Heat
Pumps
 Coefficient of Performance

The coefficient of performance (CP) for a heat

pump is the ratio of the energy transferred for
heating to the input electric energy used in the
process.

There is a theoretical maximum CP, that of the Carnot

cycle :

A system rated in heating at 6.5kW, with a

rated power consumption of 1.8kW => CoP of
3.61.
Coefficient of Performance

A heat pump cycle comprises the same

processes and sequencing order as a
refrigeration cycle except that the
refrigeration effect q1’4 or qrf, and the heat
pump effect q2’3’ ,both in J/kg, are the useful
effects.

where

h4’ h1’ = enthalpy of refrigerant entering

and leaving evaporator, respectively,
J /kg
Win = work input, J/kg
The coefficient of performance of the
heating effect in a heat pump system
COPhp is
Coefficient of Performance
 Coefficient of Performance

 It is to keep the heated water temperature as low as possible.

 To attain a COP of 4, it is necessary to keep the heated water down to
35°C.
 This is only possible with a good underfloor heating system.
 If radiators are used, then they must be significantly oversized (e.g.
doubled) to keep the temperature down as far as possible.
 The red line shows how much the efficiency improves if spring water is
used.
 Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

The output of a heat pump in cooling mode.

The rated capacity is divided by the rated total power
input.

For example, a system that is rated in cooling at 6.5kW,

with a rated power consumption of 1.8kW will have an
EER of 3.61.
Ground Source Heat
Pumps – Efficiency
Recommendation
Comparison of Heat Pump and
Other Heating Sources
Comparison of Heat
Pump and Other
Heating Sources
Comparison of Heat Pump
and Other Heating Sources

Gas condensing boiler efficiency

89% Oil boiler efficiency 85%
LPG condensing boiler efficiency
88%
Electricity 100% efficient at point of use. Off peak 85% at point of use.
(Note, the efficiency for off-peak heating is less than 100% since
unnecessarily high temperatures at night are inevitable. This varies from
60% in a badly insulated house to 95% in a super-insulated house.)
Question and
Answer